1. Summer years of peace Europe was prospering in economic measures. Nothing going on. Bored. Almost an anticipation and hope for something big to happen that will excite people, create heroes, promote nationalism. What country is really the best?

2. ARCHDUKE FRANZ FERDINAND
On June 28, 1914, the Austro-Hungarian Archduke Franz Ferdinand & his wife were assassinated by a Serbian terrorist

3. Could a single assassination cause a world war
Could a single assassination cause a world war? Everyone is anxious to show off how strong they were, any chance to attack/be a war-hero/show off strength. They were going to take any opportunity.

4. Having a strong army increased patriotism among citizens
Militarism
Nations glorified military power & kept an army prepared for war (called militarism)
Having a strong army increased patriotism among citizens

5. Militarism Ex. 1: Arms race between Britain and Germany
Ex. 2: Believed they had to have strong militaries to be great.

6. Alliances
Growing rivalries among nations led to the formation of two military alliances.
Question: what would cause countries to become alliances?

7. Example 1: TRIPLE ALLIANCE
Germany, Italy, & Austria-Hungary made up the Triple Alliance

8. Example 2: TRIPLE ENTENTE
England, France, & Russia formed the Triple Entente

9. Imperialism
European nations competed fiercely for colonies in Africa and Asia. Anyone they could take advantage of, they colonized.
Question: Why colonize?
Ex 1: European rivalry and mistrust
Ex 2: Germany, England, Russia argued over building a railroad in India.

10. Nationalism - A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one’s country.
Ex 1: Rivalries due to militarism & imperialism increased nationalism among European powers
Ex. 2: European rivals tried to maintain a balance of power while also trying to overpower each other

11. CENTRAL POWERS
During the war Germany & Austria-Hungary became the Central Powers; They were joined by Bulgaria & the Ottoman Empire

12. ALLIED POWERS
The members of the Triple Entente became known as the Allied Powers and eventually were joined by many other nations

13. TOTAL WAR Factories were converted to make war equipment
Industrial resources were rationed in order to prioritize military needs
Governments used conscription to draft civilians into the military
Propaganda was used to maintain civilian support for the war
Overseas colonies were used to gain resources or additional soldiers

14. BATTLEFRONT

15. HOME FRONT

16. TRENCH WARFARE
By 1915, the war settled into a stalemate as each side fortified their positions with trenches

17. In the trenches: Western Front Christmas 1914, war was dragging on
In the trenches: Western Front Christmas 1914, war was dragging on. Thought it would be over by now so everyone could be with families for Christmas. Led to unofficial ceasefire for that one night…

18. BATTLE OF VERDUN
Fighting on the Western Front slowed to a stalemate as neither side could gain an advantage
During the 10 month Battle of Verdun in 1916, 1 million soldiers were killed or wounded

19. MASS PRODUCTION
To produce necessary war equipment, governments took greater control of the economy, converted factories to wartime production, & set production quotas
All available citizens were put to work; Unemployment in Europe nearly ended

20. UNRESTRICTED SUBMARINE WARFARE
Germany used unrestricted submarine warfare to attack the British navy & any merchant ships supplying the Allies
President Woodrow Wilson demanded “freedom of the seas” but Germany refused

21. Americans were outraged
ZIMMERMAN TELEGRAM
Germany proposed that Mexico attack the USA in exchange for the return of Texas, New Mexico, Arizona
Americans were outraged

23. WOODROW WILSON’S 14 POINTS
President Wilson presented his own peace proposal known as the Fourteen Points

24. CZAR NICHOLAS II
In 1894, Czar Nicolas II came to power but failed to address major problems from 1904 to 1917
The protest became known as “Bloody Sunday” when the czar’s guards fired into the crowd ; Riots broke out across Russia
In 1905, Nicholas II agreed to new constitution that created a Duma (parliament) & limited monarchy; But Nicholas ignored the Duma

25. VLADIMIR LENIN
The czar’s unpopularity & failure of the government to respond to problems increased calls for socialism
In 1903, a radical socialist named Vladimir Lenin formed the Bolsheviks, a group that supported a revolutionary overthrow of the Russian government

26. Vladimir Lenin formed the Bolsheviks
Bolshevik Red Guards seized control of the provisional government & declared themselves the new gov’t leaders of Russia
The Bolsheviks arrested & executed the Romanovs which ended 300 years of rule by czars in Russia

27. COMMUNISM
In 1922, Lenin renamed Russia the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR)
Lenin created the Communist Party which ruled the Soviet Union as a dictatorship

28. OCTOBER REVOLUTION
Vladimir Lenin returned to Russia & led the Bolsheviks in the Russian Revolution in November 1917
Lenin’s message of “peace, land, & bread” helped him gain popularity among the Russian people

29. SOVIET UNION (USSR)
Lenin transformed Russia into the Soviet Union, the world’s first socialist gov’t & created the Communist Party to rule the nation

30. JOSEPH STALIN
In 1922, Lenin suffered a stroke & died in 1924; Lenin’s death led to a struggle for power in the USSR
By 1927, Joseph Stalin out maneuvered his rivals & gained control of the Soviet Union
Stalin quickly created a totalitarian state in which he had total control

31. FIVE YEAR PLANS
Stalin created a series of Five Year Plans to overhaul the Soviet economy
Stalin seized control of the economy & set high production quotas on steel, coal, oil, electricity
Stalin’s Five Year Plans dramatically improved Soviet industry & helped modernize the military