1. newly independent AFRICAN countries have difficulties
Legacy of EUROPEAN IMPERIALISM:
1. colonial boundaries ignore ethnic and cultural traditions
2. b/c of this, sense of national identity nearly impossible to develop
3. generations of EXTRACTING resources from Africa left newly independent nations with UNBALALNCED ECONOMIES and little infrastructure
4. Social Organization (family and community life) radically disrupted
5. Lack of local Education creates unskilled/illiterate local populace that is unable to successfully tackle the challenges of nation-building

2. newly independent AFRICAN countries have difficulties
short-lived DEMOCRACIES....WHY?
Ethnic groups fight each other for power
Leftover from colonial rule, strong militaries quickly become tool for ambitious leaders
Military dictatorship quickly replaces young, weak democracy
Struggle between democracy and authoritarian rule has torn apart African countries since the 1960s

3. martial law Temporary military rule
Usually occurs during a crisis when a civil government has failed
Severely abused, as a “what is an emergency?” topic is highly subjective....

4. dissident opponents of government policy
often jailed, tortured, beaten, etc. when living in a non-democratic system

5. apartheid South Africa 1948-1994
Afrikaner (Dutch South Africans) government institutes a COMPLETE separation of races
Schools, hospitals, employment, neighborhoods- everything is segregated
Homelands established for Native Africans in 1959, yet although natives account for 75% of population, they are allowed only 13% of the land these gross inequities were typical of Apartheid System

6. Nelson Mandela 1918-present
Leader of the African National Congress (ANC), fought for black rights in South Africa
Imprisoned on Robben Island and ‘other’ prisons from
Won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1993 amongst hundreds of other awards for his tireless effort in brining an end to apartheid
Becomes South African President in 1994, first multi-racial elections ever held
One of the great leaders for SOCIAL JUSTICE in the 20th century
Want to learn more?:
The Nelson Mandela Foundation

7. what good have they done?!?
Europeans in Africa
slave trade
extraction of resources
main targets of Imperialism
fledgling independent nation-states based on European boundaries.....etc., etc., etc.,
what good have they done?!?