1. Exploration Continued
Reasons For
Exploration Continued

2. SLAVERY IMPORTANT FACT #1
PORTUGAL was the first European nation to have settlements in West Africa.

3. At first the Portuguese were trading spices, ivory and gold.

4. The Portuguese traded spices, gold, and ivory, but that eventually led to trading slaves. Tribal leaders actually captured their enemies and sold them to the Portuguese to trade.

5. Spain was the first country to trade slaves to America
Spain was the first country to trade slaves to America. The slaves were considered property. They worked on the plantations.
People preferred Africans over Native Americans because Africans were less likely to get sick from disease.

6. The first slaves were sent to work on sugar plantations in South America.

7. The route slaves took from Africa to America.
Middle Passage
The route slaves took from Africa to America.

9. Europe, Africa, and America.
Triangular Trade
Trade routes between
Europe, Africa, and America.

10. Aftermath of Slave Trade
15 million Africans were enslaved.
Taken to the Americas

11. Effect on African society?
Left few African males in Africa.
How would this effect African society?

12. Slavery in America was outlawed in the late 1700’s.
People still has slaves.
The Civil War ended Slavery in the south.

13. motivations for colonization

14. Three countries sponsored early explorers.
Age of Exploration
Spain
England
France
Three countries sponsored early explorers.

15. The European Voyages of Discovery
A. Causes of European Expansion
1. Economics
2. Desire for Spices
3. Religious Fervor
4. Renaissance Curiosity
5. Lack of Economic Opportunity at Home
6. Government Power
B. Technology and the Rise of Exploration
1. Stronger Ships
2. Improvements in Cartography
3. New Technology
II. The European Voyages of Discovery
A. Causes of European Expansion
1. Economics — European population and economy were beginning to recover after the Black Death, an expansion which created a demand for luxury goods — the fall of Constantinople and Ottoman control of European trade routes forced Europeans to look for alternative trade routes.
2. Desire for Spices — Flavorings, oil, pleasure.
3. Religious Fervor — Passion ignited by the Christian reconquista in Spain and Portugal (Columbus — a devout Christian who wanted to serve God).
4. Renaissance Curiosity — The desire to learn more about the physical universe (fascination with new people and places).
5. Lack of Economic Opportunity at Home — Cortés — “I have come to win gold, not plow the fields like a peasant” — young Spanish men of the upper classes founded economic opportunities limited.
6. Government Power — Spanish and Portuguese monarchs were stronger than ever and had more financial resources at their disposal.
B. Technology and the Rise of Exploration
1. Stronger Ships (caravel, a small, light, three/mast sailing ship) — Better than the galley in negotiating the waters of the Atlantic.
2. Improvements in Cartography — Arab scholars reintroduced Europeans to Ptolemy’s map.
3. New Technology — Magnetic compasses, astrolabes, sternpost rudder, lateen sails (mostly inventions from Arab, Indian, and Chinese worlds).

16. The European Voyages of Discovery
C. The Portuguese Overseas Empire
1. Favorable Geography
2. Henry the Navigator (1394–1460)
3. Bartholomew Diaz and Vasco da Gama
II. The European Voyages of Discovery
C. The Portuguese Overseas Empire
1. Favorable Geography — Location on Atlantic allowed Portugal to rise from a backward marginal European land to a pioneer in exploration (winds allowed passage to Africa, the Atlantic islands, and Brazil).
2. Henry the Navigator (1394–1460) — King who sponsored annual expeditions down the western coast of Africa — to Madeira, the Azores, Arguin, Guinea, where they established trading posts and even colonies.
3. Bartholomew Diaz and Vasco da Gama — Explored the African coast as far as the Cape of Good Hope and India. But they encountered problems with Muslim merchants who dominated the trading system in the Indian Ocean, and the Portuguese eventually resorted to bombarding ports to gain entrance to these markets.

17. Prince Henry the Navigator
Prince Henry the Navigator (Dom Henrique) was the son of King João of Portugal, born in He is most famous for the voyages of discovery that he organized and financed, which eventually led to the rounding of Africa and the establishment of sea routes to the Indies.
Henry was also a very devout man, and was Governor of the Order of Christ from 1420 until his death in 1460.

18. How did these explorations begin?
The first to encourage new ship explorations was, known as “Prince Henry the Navigator”
Never set sail, himself!
“Arm chair navigator”
Started an institute for seafaring and exploring; schools of seamanship!
Combined ship technology learned from Islam with new European innovations
By the time of his death in 1460, Portuguese had sailed as far south as the Gold Coast of West Africa

19. Voyages of Discovery
During the two-year period from 1444 to 1446, Prince Henry intensified the exploration of Africa, sending between 30 and 40 of his ships on missions. The last voyage sponsored by Prince Henry sailed over 1,500 miles down the African coast.
Although he never sailed on the expeditions, the voyages that he paid for in the mid-1400s helped launch Portugal into the front of the race to find a sea route to the Indies.

20. Henry’s Death
Henry lived in the vicinity of Sagres for most of his life and this is where he died on November 13, 1460 at the age of 66. He had opened the way, but had not lived long enough to savour and share the successes of Bartolomeu Dias who rounded the Cape of Good Hope in 1488, and Vasco da Gama who finally pushed through the sea route to India in 1498.

21. Barthomew Diaz(s) Born: c. 1450 Birthplace: Died: May 1500
Best Known As: Portuguese discoverer of the Cape of Good Hope
* Bartolomew Dias rounded the Cape of Good Hope(today, Capetown), at the Southern tip of Africa

22. Vasco Da Gama Born: c. 1469 Birthplace: Sines, Portugal
Died: 24 December 1524
Best Known As: Portugese explorer who opened up sea route to India; 1st all water route to India.

23. Christopher Columbus 1492 “Columbus sailed the ocean blue
Sponsor: Spain
Wanted to find a western route to Asia
Small ships, weather, and disease were obstacles
First European to discover a sea route to America.

24. Columbus’ Four Voyages

25. Line of Demarcation• 1493
How to end the rivalry, in exploration, between Spain & Portugal??
– After Columbus returned, Pope Alexander VI (r ), a Spaniard, established a line to distinguish Spanish & Portuguese claims– Assigned all new lands west of the Azores to Spain– Lands to the east belonged to Portugal
• The Portuguese protested, leading to the Treaty of Tordesillas (1494) – established a new line about 1,100 miles to the east of the Pope’s line– Brazil lay in the Portuguese sphere

26. The Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494 & The Pope’s Line of Demarcation

27. QUESTIONS???