1. Map Projections
…is about presenting the round Earth on a flat surface.Map Projections:
Vermeer’s Cartographer

2. Some early maps…today’s world was unknown, but we can still pick out some familiar features.

3. Some early maps… T-O maps of medieval mapmaking
Early European maps put Jerusalem at the center

4. Some early maps…
This early Moroccan map looks upside- down to us.

5. Some early maps…
Ptolemy’s map

6. Some early maps…

7. Map Projection:
How to project a round Earth on a flat map

8. The only accurate representation of the earth is a globe.
Only a globe preserves the map qualities of area, shape, direction, and distance.

9. Cartographers through the years have used three basic types of projection--conic, plane, and cylindrical.

11. Standard Parallel
The line of latitude on a map projection that is not distorted

12. A cylindrical projection has grid lines that are at right angles to each other.

13. The “stretching” of the meridians at the higher latitudes causes landmasses near the poles to look much larger than they really are.

14. Greenland is actually about the same size as Mexico.
Brazil is six times larger than Alaska.

15. The Mercator projection preserves correct shape--it is a conformal map.
This projections is also used for nautical navigation—it has true compass direction.
Size has been sacrificed for shape.

16. The Mercator projection is useful for showing time zones.
Time zone maps are always mercator--time zones follow the lines of longitude.
Greenland is actually about the same size as Mexico.
Brazil is six times larger than Alaska.
The Mercator projection is useful for showing time zones.

18. Conic projections have fan-shaped grid lines.
Distortion increases away from the standard parallel.

19. Conic projections are useful for showing landmasses in the middle latitudes with an east-west orientation, but they cannot be used to depict the entire earth.

21. Plane (azimuthal) projections show landmasss projected onto a flat piece of paper.
Shape is more distorted at the edges of this map.

22. If the center point of the map is the North or South Pole, it is called a polar projection.

23. The center point of a plane projection can be some point other than one of the poles.

24. Plane (azimuthal) projections are used by pilots because great circle routes appear as straight lines.

25. Great Circle Routes
The line created when you cut the globe in half connecting two points

26. During the Cold War, strategic maps were polar projections.

28. Compromise projections combine elements of all three of the basic projections.
The Robinson projection does not eliminate distortion, but it keeps the levels of distortion low over all parts of the map.
The Robinson Projection is a popular compromise projection.

29. In 1998, The National Geographic Society adopted the Winkel Tripel Projection.

30. The Peters Projection lengthens the distance between parallels in the Southern Hemisphere so that Africa and South America are the correct relative size. It is the “politically correct” projection.
Considered the “politically correct” projection--a response to the Mercator’s greater distortion of the size of landmasses in the northern hemisphere.

32. We are used to looking at maps that are centered on the Prime Meridian.

33. This map is upside down AND centered on the International Date Line

34. Interrupted Projections

35. Interrupted Projections

36. Interrupted Projections
Why might you want to use this projection?

39. What is important to understand about this?
If you know the basic projection you are looking at, you know where the greatest distortion occurs and can view the map accordingly.
There is no “bad” projection. Each projection has its own advantages and disadvantages.

40. Cartographers Decisions

41. I. What type of map projection to use
Equal area – area is accurate
Conformal – shape is accurate
Azimuthal – direction is accurate
Equidistant – distance is accurate

42. II. What info to include/exclude
All maps have an ultimate goal
Cartographers inc/exc info to meet that goal

43. III. What type of Map to Use
Reference map – a general purpose map with physical and human features

45. Thematic maps – highlight a particular feature

46. Isoline map – connects points of equal value to make lines on a map

47. Topographic
Map

48. Weather Map

49. Choropleth map – uses shading to show variables

52. Proportional symbol – uses a symbol to show frequency or intensity of variable

55. Dot – each dot represents a number of occurrences

56. Population density of China

58. IV. What map scale to use Large scale shows small areas
Small scale maps show large areas

59. Methods of representing scale:
Representative fraction – 1/50,000 or 1:50,000
Verbal scale – 1in. = 1 mile
Graphic scale – black and white line