1. Concepts and Principles
Introduction to GIS
Concepts and Principles
Abdullah Barat, GIS Trainer
      NORPLAN, RuWatSIP
July 2013, Training Course 4.1
Introduction of teacher and participants and level of educations
About AIMS and training and example of the cause of learning this course.
About License and ArcView Program and system
More information on GIS with examples of geographic information is maps databases, text, image and others.

2. Afghanistan Geographic Map
The study of the earth and its features and of the distribution of life on the earth, including human life and the effects of human activity.
جغرافیه عبارت از مطالعه زمین و تمام تفصیلات که در آن موجود است میباشد مثلا زنده بودن تمام حیوانات روی زمین، زنده بودن و تأثیرات عملیات انسان ها بر آن.
Geography is the study of the spatial aspects of human existence Geography has much more to do with asking questions and solvingمطالعه احوال و حالات که در زمین تیر شده است problems than it does with rote memorization of isolated facts.
The ancient Greeks created the word "geography" from the roots "ge" for earth and "grapho" for "to write." These people experienced many adventures and needed a way to explain and communicate the differences between various lands.

3. An integration of five basic components
What is a GIS?
An integration of five basic components
A working GIS integrates five key components: Hard-ware, Soft-ware, Data, People, Policy and Procedures
دارای پنج بخش عمده می باشد GISیک سیستم فعال
) Hard-ware is the computer on which a GIS Operates. Today, GIS software runs on a wide range of hardware types from centralized computer server to desktop computers used in stand-alone or networked configurations.
) GIS Soft-ware provides tools and functions needed to store, analyze and display geographic information.
) Data are one of the most important and costly components in implementing GIS. The database is the longest existing part of any GIS implementation. Building Database takes the most time, costs the most money and requires the most effort in terms of planning and management.
) GIS technology is of limited value without people to manage the system and develop plans for applying to real-world problems. GIS users range from technical specialists, who design and maintain the system, to those who use it to help them perform their everyday work.
( Methods A successful GIS operates according to a well-designed plan and business rules, unique to each operation.

4. GIS Functions Capture Store Query Analyze Display Output Customers
Buildings
Query
Analyze
Streets
Display
Reality
Output

5. Data for GIS Applications
Digitized and Scanned Maps
– purchased, donated, free (Internet)
– created by user
• Data Bases – Tables of data
• GPS – Global Positioning System
– accurate locations
• Field Sampling of Attributes
• Remote Sensing
Satellite Images
Aerial photography

6. GIS Data Sources GIS Maps and Plans Paper files Data Data collection
Digital data
Paper files
Data
Data collection
Data
Photogrammetry
Data
GIS
Data
Field survey
Remote Sensing
GIS Data Sources

8. Which parcels are within 50 feet of the road?
Analysis
Which parcels are within 50 feet of the road?
Well type Drilled
Building owner Smith
Soil type Sandy
Proximity
Overlay
Network
You can perform analysis to obtain the answers to a particular question or find solutions to a particular problem. Geographic analysis usually involves more than one geographic dataset and requires the analyst to proceed through a series of steps to reach a result. Three common types of geographic analysis are:
Proximity analysis
How many houses lie within 100 meters of this water main?
What is the total number of customers within 10 kilometers of this store?
What proportion of the alfalfa crop is within 500 meters of the well?
To answer such questions, GIS technology uses a process called buffering to determine the proximity between features.
Overlay analysis
An overlay process combines the features of two layers to create a new layer that contains the attributes of both. This resulting layer can be analyzed to determine which features overlap or to find out how much of a feature is in one or more areas. An overlay could be done to combine soil and vegetation layers to calculate the area of a certain vegetation type on a specific type of soil.
Network analysis
This type of analysis examines how linear features are connected and how easily resources can flow through them.

9. Display Maps Graphs Reports
For many types of geographic operations, the end result is usually best visualized as a map or graph. Maps are efficient for storing and communicating geographic information. Cartographers have created maps for millennia, but GIS provides new and exciting tools to extend the art and science of cartography. Maps can be integrated with reports, three-dimensional (3D) views, photographic images, and other digital media. This topic is discussed in greater detail in Lesson 3.
Reports

10. Output Internet Paper map Document Image GIS Data Florida.mxd
Sharing the results of your geographic labor is one of the primary justifications for investing resources in GIS. A powerful method for sharing displays created through a GIS is to output them into a distributable format. The more output options a GIS can offer, the greater the potential for reaching the right audience with the right information.
Document
Florida.jpg
Image
Florida.mxd

11. A definition of GIS
GIS is a System of computer software, hardware and data, and personnel to help manipulate, analyze and present information that is tied to a spatial location –

12. A definition of GIS (Continued)
GIS—The Language of Geography
Geography and GIS—Serving Our World
Geography and GIS—Sustaining Our World
Geography—Creating Communities

13. Improve Organizational Integration.
Why Use GIS
Improve Organizational Integration.
Make Better Decisions.
Make Maps
بهبود یافتن تشکیلات
توانمندی جهت تصمیم بهتر
ساختن نقشه ها

14. GIS Usage Delivery Systems Wherever Spatial Data Analysis is Needed
• Emergency Services Fire & Police
• Transportation Motorpol
• Business Site Location,
Delivery Systems
• Industry Communication, Mining, Pipelines, Healthcare
• Government Local ,Military
• Education Research, Teaching Tool, Administration
Wherever Spatial Data Analysis is Needed

15. What is a Map
A graphic representation of features on the earth's surface or other geographically distributed phenomena is called a map.
فاصله و موقعیت

16. What is a Map Maps provide two types of information:
Location information is graphically represented as points,
lines and areas.
Spatial relationships are derived through interpretation by the map user.
Maps contain POINT features, LINE features and AREA features
-wells -forest areas -roads -urban areas -fire stations contour lines
-hydro lines -water bodies -rural area
-rivers -hospitals -schools -
فاصله و موقعیت

17. Map Projection
Map Projection
The process of transferring/relocating of latitude and longitudes from the globe onto a flat surface
(map) is called Projection.
There are several types of projections. In Afghanistan we use two type of projections.
Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM)
Geographic
UTM Projection
ارتصام میباشد. انتقال خطوط طول البلد و عرض البلد یک نقطه از کره زمین به یک سطح هموار عبارت از
Two types of Projection
UTM 3D Width, Height and Length used for Military purposes.برای مقاصد نظامی ارتصام مخروطی که طول، ارتقاع و عرض (کرویت و مساحت) خود را حفظ می نماید
Geographic 2D Width and Length. ارتصام جغرافیوی که ارتفاع و مساحت خود را از دست می دهد و فاصله ها مطلق دقیق نیست برای مقاصد ملکی استفاده میشود

18. Map Projection (Continued)
Geographic Projection

19. Coordinate System
A coordinate system specifies the units used to locate features in two-dimensional space and the origin point of those units. Latitude and longitude is a coordinate system (often called the "geographic" coordinate system).
Types of Coordinate Systems we use in Afghanistan
DD (Decimal Degree)
DMS (Degree Minute Seconds)
عبارت از تعین نمودن طول البلد و عرض البلد یک نقطه است. Coordinate System
قیمت راست و بالا یک نقطه را گویند. Coordinate System
طول البلد دارای 60 زون می باشد (یک زون = 6 درجه). مبدأ طول البلد گرین وچ لندن می باشد طول البلد از قطبین می گذرد.
عرض البلد دارای 90 زون می باشد (یک زون = 4 درجه). مبدأ عرض البلد خط استوا می باشد عرض البلد موازی به خط استوا در دور کره زمین می گذرد.
(بین 29 الی 39 درجه عرض البلد) موقعیت دارد. H,I,J افغانستان از نظر طول البلد در زون های 41، 42 و 43 (بین 60 الی 75 درجه طول البلد) و از نظر عرض البلد در زون های

20. Map Scale For example, If 2cm on a map…. Represents 1km on the ground…
Scale represents the ratio of a distance on the map to the actual distance on the ground. Maps are made to scale.
Most Popular way to define maps are:
Small Scale Maps
Large Scale Maps
For example, If 2cm on a map….
Represents 1km on the ground…
the scale would be 2cm = 1km, or…
عبارت است از طول مرسم (روی نقشه) بر طول طبیعی (روی زمین)

21. Map Scale (Continued) Examples of Map Scales Large Scale Map
Small Scale Map

22. Theme, Feature and Vertex
It is made of vertex or vertexes. (Records in the table).
Vertex:
The intersection of latitude and longitude.
Day One Continued

23. Feature Types Feature Types
Point (Which does not have length and width, with only one vertex)
Line (Which has length, with at least two vertexes)
Polygon (Which has both length, width and area, with at least three vertexes)
Day One Continued

24. Point Features
Tree
Traffic accident
Lamp post

25. Line Features Spatially distributed entities,
Lines are a series of geographic coordinates joined to form a line such as:
Road
Stream
Railway

26. Area Features
Areas (Polygons) are a series of geographic coordinates joined together to form a boundary such as:
Lake
Soil types

27. Thematic layers contain features
Points
Lines
Areas
Text
In this example we have 4 layers.
County boundaries for the state of Maine
A street network
Annotation or text with the street names
Points that show where major cities are
GIS allows you to link the geography of each feature with information about the feature and how they relate to each other.
Examples:
Which layers would you use if you wanted to know how far is it from City A to City B? (you would use the City points and the street network).
Which layer would you use to know what the area was for each county? (The county boundaries coverage).
What layers would you use to give someone directions to your home? (street network and annotation). 27

28. Data-Data-Data We All ‘Got Data’
• Scale of Data
– Local to Global
• Data Presentation
– Words, Charts/Graphs, Tables, or Maps
Raw facts, especially organized for storage and analysis.
معلومات درست طبیعی که برای تحلیلات ترتیب شده و در تصمیم گیری استفاده می شود که در حالت طبیعی باشد یعنی کدام عملیه بالای آن صورت گرفته نباشد. مواد خام
با نظر داشت این معلومات میتوان سوالات آتی را جواب گفت
- مقدار، انواع و منابع این معلومات را مشخص نمود
مقیاس و اندازه معلومات را میتوان مشخص کرد یعنی به چه اندازه معلومات میتوان یک پروژه را پیش برد

29. Data, Information and Knowledge
Exploring Data using GIS turns it into Information and then into Knowledge
Data: Raw facts, especially organized for storage and analysis.
Information: A collection of facts or data that has been processed for use in making decisions.
Knowledge: Collection of information to enhance understanding.

30. Spatial Data Layers LandCapability Roads Soil VillagesBnd Location
Landuse

31. The GIS sandwich
Integration of Multilayer Data
Fusion Concept 31

32. Measuring and Integrating the Parts...
Social Factors
Biodiversity
Engineering
Land Use
Environmental
Considerations
…Means Seeing the Whole