1. EUROPEAN DEFENCE AND SECURITY AND SMALL STATES
CLIVE ARCHER

2. Outline of Lecture Why define small states? What are small states?
Small states in the EU
Small states in defence/security
What is the E/CSDP?
Small states in the E/CSDP
An CSDP Game
Conclusions

3. Why define small states?
THE SOCIAL SCIENCE APPROACH: DEFINING TERMS
LEGAL ASPECTS
POLICY IMPLICATIONS

4. What are small states? WHAT IS SMALL? ABSOLUTE OR COMPARATIVE?
OBJECTIVE OR SUBJECTIVE?
VALUE JUDGEMENT? = WEAKNESS?
TOM CROWARDS (2002) USES 3 CRITERIA: LAND AREA, POPULATION, GDP
RAIMO VÄYRYNEN USES 2X2 CRITERIA

5. Väyrynen’s Matrix

6. What are small states?
Suit the definition to a purpose (Knudsen 2002), i.e. to make it more contextual (development, European integration, alliances etc).
In this case, the context is that of European integration, especially the EU.
May have to use a number of definitions and argue case for some states being seen as small, others not.

7. Small States and the EU
Large states: Germany (82), France (64), Italy (58), UK (61)
Medium/Large: Spain (40), Poland (39)
Medium/Small: Netherlands(16.6), Romania(22.2)
Small: Austria(8.2), Belgium (10.4), Bulgaria (7.3),Czech (10.2), Denmark (5.5), Finland(5.2), Greece (10.7), Hungary (9.9), Ireland(4.2), Portugal(10.7), Slovakia(5.5), Sweden(9.0)
Smaller: Slovenia (2), Estonia (1.3), Latvia (2.2), Lithuania(3.6)
Mini: Cyprus(0.7), Luxembourg(0.5), Malta(0.4)

8. Small States and the EU
Katzenstein (1985) small states’ nature in European integration affects ability and willingness to act:
Economies open, specialist exports, dependent on world economy  maximise benefits where greatest importance; more liberal econ policy.
Institutional response: selective in problem definition; personalize relations; versatile.
Special relationship & reliance on EU Commission: do not have own admin capacity
Corporatist nature of d-m in SS  less room to back down in EU negs

9. Small States in Defence/Security
Face dilemma of autonomy v influence
AUTONOMY
Try to keep control through national means
INFLUENCE
Accept control is limited but influence, ability to persuade, may be more available the more engaged state is.

10. Small States in Defence/Security
Use Strategies of Adaptation
Rosenau’s modes of adaptation:
Preservative: internal + external factors balanced
Acquiescent: external dominates
Intransigent: internal dominates
Promotive: only own values

11. What is E/CSDP? The Mists Of Time:
1948 BRUSSELS TREATY: UK, FRANCE, BENELUX
1949 NATO FORMED: THE TRANSATLANTIC LINK
EUROPEAN DEFENCE COMMUNITY ATTEMPTED: FAILS. WEU FORMED
EUROPEAN POLITICAL COOPERATION: INCLUDES SECURITY

12. What is E/CSDP?
Feb 1992: MAASTRICHT Treaty signed. Five Objectives in Art. J.1.2
to safeguard the values, interests and independence of the Union;
to strengthen the security of the Union and its member states;
to preserve peace and strengthen international security...;
to promote international co-operation;
to develop and consolidate democracy and the rule of law, and respect for HR & FFs.

13. What is E/CSDP? EU not to compete with NATO & WEU
Art.J.4.1 TEU: treaty covers all questions related to the ‘security of the Union, including the eventual framing of a common defence policy, which might in time lead to a common defence’
Article 17 (Amsterdam) on defence & security: ‘all questions relating to the security of the Union, including the progressive framing of a common defence policy...which might lead to a common defence, should the European Council so decide’

14. Changes in Amsterdam Treaty 1997
What is E/CSDP?
Changes in Amsterdam Treaty 1997
Sweden & Finland - get Petersberg tasks included in Treaty (Art.17.2): humanitarian and rescue tasks, peacekeeping and combat forces in crisis management, including peacemaking.
WEU: integral part of the EU’s development, ‘providing the Union with access to an operational capability’. (Folded into EU, but not Art 5, collective defence)

15. After Amsterdam Treaty
What is E/CSDP?
After Amsterdam Treaty
FAWEU & Eurocorps (Ge, Fr, Bel, Lux, Sp) built up ‘separable but not separate’ (from NATO). Idea of Combined Joint Task Force
Solana ‘High Rep for CFSP’ and WEU Sec-Gen.
Political and Security Committee (COPS) with political and military expertise;
EU Military staff with a Situation Centre set up; an EU Military Committee of military representatives to advise COPS
2009: ESDPCSDP (Treaty of Lisbon)

16. Treaty of Lisbon - 1
High Representative for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy: chosen by Eur Council; chairs Foreign Aff Council & is a V-P of Commission
CSDP to provide EU with operational capacity drawing on civilian and military assets.
Missions for peace-keeping, conflict prevention and strengthening int sec in accordance with UN principles

17. Treaty of Lisbon - 2
CSDP shall include progressive framing of a common Union defence policy (Art 28A2)
Will lead to a common defence, when Eur Council, acting unanimously, decides
MS victim of armed aggression on its territory: other MSs have towards it an obligation of aid and assistance by all means in their power

18. What is E/CSDP? Activities I
Nov 2001: European Capabilities Action Plan to rectify shortcomings (17 panels report on 24 shortfalls)
Laeken Council adds ‘more demanding’ and ‘crisis’ operations to ESDP activities
Nov 2003: Independent military planning cell: EU planning cell at SHAPE (NATO h/q)
Dec 2003: European Security Strategy adopted
Force Catalogue 2004 – inc. new states contribution

19. What is E/CSDP? Activities II
2004: Battle Group concept agreed – initial capability by 2005.
2004: European Defence Agency set up: cooperation in armaments
June ’04: Brussels Council adds ‘joint disarmament operations’, supporting ‘combating terrorism’ and security sector reform’

20. What is E/CSDP? Activities III
EU Police Mission took over from UN in Bosnia Herzegovina on 1 January 2003
EU took over operation Amber Fox in Macedonia from NATO in March 2003
Operation Artemis: French-led EU peacekeeping operation in Bunia, Republic of Congo (DRC) in June-September 2003, to help UN mission (MONUC) stabilise and provide humanitarian assistance.

21. What is E/CSDP? Activities IV
EU Border Assistance Mission at Rafeh Crossing Point in the Palestinian Territories (EU BAM Rafeh): est. Nov after Israeli-Palestinian agreement - Third Party role on movement and access at key crossing point into and from the Palestinian territories.
EU Integrated Rule of Law Mission for Iraq (Eujust Lex): from Feb 2005, assisting with the introduction of the rule of law by assisting Iraqi judiciary.
EU Rule of Law Mission for Kosovo: largest civilian op. by ESDP – supports Kosovo authorities in police judiciary & Customs
EU Navfor Somalia: est. Dec 2008 to counter piracy & robbery off coast of Somalia. First ESDP naval operation

22. Small States and the E/CSDP
EU NATO (old)
Belgium, Luxembourg, Denmark, Greece, Portugal.
EU NATO (new)
Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Czech Rep, Slovakia, Hungary, Slovenia, Bulgaria
EU Neutrals
Ireland, Austria, Sweden, Finland
EU mini-neutrals
Cyprus, Malta
Other non-EU
Norway, Iceland

23. A CSDP Game
President Of Council and EU ‘High Representative’ asks states for contributions to help ESDP operation in Liberia.
Aim: to assist civil authorities after floods; help president in forming national armed forces
EU states with observers in UNMIL: Czech, Finland, France, Poland, Romania, UK (2-4 each)
EU asked for troops, civilian aid

24. A CSDP Game
Choose an EU small state from: Belgium, Denmark, Czech, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Finland, Luxembourg, Slovakia
What resources have you got?
What are they being used for?
What can you spare?
Who can you work with or under?
Is there the political support/money?

25. CONCLUSIONS Small states: a slippery concept– but usable?
Population size often key– but need to go beyond this
Small = weak or smart?
E/CSDP: still a member state based policy
Operations limited: ‘out-of-area’
Contributions voluntary
Part of EU global presence