1. Anatomical and Physiological Substantiations of Surgical Interventions on Lungs & Heart

2. Lungs Anterior-Medial View

3. Borders of Lungs & Pleura Anterior View

4. Borders of Lungs & Pleura Posterior View

5. Right Lung Gate & Root

6. Left Lung Gate & Root

7. Lung Roots Note the gross difference between right and left roots.
On the right, the upper and middle bronchi are spread apart by the artery; on the left, they are pressed together.

8. Borders of Lung & Pleura Left Side View

9. Borders of Lungs & Pleura Right Side View

10. Nomenclature of the Lungs and Bronchi

11. Segmental Bronchi Note that on the left the apical and posterior bronchi arise from a single stem, as do the anterior basal and medial basal.

12. Lung Acinus as Structural Unit

13. Lung Regional Lymphatic Nodes

14. Subdivisions of Mediastinum

15. Anterior Mediastinum Organs

16. Posterior Pericardial Wall, Oblique & Transverse Sinuses

17. Pericardium is Removed, Roots of Great Vessels

18. Heart (General anterior view)

19. Heart (Anterior & Posterior View)

20. Radiograph of Chest T1-body of the first thoracic vertebra C-clavicle
RA-right atrium
SVC-superior vena cava
IVC-inferior vena cava
A-»aortic knob»
PT-pulmonary trunk
LAA-left auricular appendage
LV-left ventricle

21. Heart Valves

22. Auscultation points are the areas where sounds from each of the heart's valves may be heard most distinctly through a stethoscope. They do not represent the location of the valves projected on the surface of the chest, although for the tricuspid and pulmonary valves location and sound are quite close. Aortic and mitral valves are deep in the chest and their sounds are heard best at the points where the direction of blood flow is closer to the chest wall. Aortic (A) and Pulmonary (P) areas are in the second interspace to the right and left of the sternal border. The Tricuspid area (T) is near the left sternal border in the 5th or 6th interspace. The Mitral valve (M) is heard best near the apex of the heart in the 5th intercostal space in the midclavicular line.

23. Heart Auscultation Points

24. Heart Arterial Supply

25. Coronary Arteries

26. Types of Heart Blood Supplying

27. Cardiac Veins

28. Heart Conducting System

29. The Sinu-atrial (SA) Node in the wall of the right atrium near the upper end of the sulcus terminalis and extending over the front of the opening of the superior vena cava. The SA Node is the "pacemaker" of the heart because it initiates cardiac muscle contraction and determines the heart rate. It is supplied by the sinus node artery, usually a branch of the right coronary artery.
Contraction spreads through the atrial wall until it reaches the Atrio-ventricular (AV) Node in the right atrial side of the interatrial septum just above the opening of the Coronary sinus. After a brief delay contraction passes to the ventricles. The AV Node is usually supplied by the distal right coronary artery.
The A V Bundle (B) passes from the AV Node in the membranous part of the interventricular septum and divides into right and left Bundle Branches on either side of the muscular part of the septum.
The right Bundle Branch travels down the septum to the anterior wall of the ventricle, enters the base of the anterior papillary muscle, and excitation spreads to the right ventricular wall.
The left Bundle Branch is a thin, broad band which usually divides into two divisions which enter papillary muscles and excitation of the muscular walls of the left ventricle occurs.

30. Damage to the conducting system (often by compromised blood supply as in coronary artery disease) leads to disturbances of cardiac muscle contraction. Damage to the AV Node results in "heart block" as the atrial excitation wave does not reach the ventricles which begin to contract independently at their own rate which is slower than that of the atria. Damage to one of the branches results in "bundle branch block" in which excitation goes down the unaffected branch to cause systole of that ventricle. The impulse then spreads to the other ventricle producing later asynchronous contraction.

31. Aorto-coronary Shunting

32. Thank You for Attention