1. توزیع های لینوکس Linux Distributions
دومین جشنواره‌ی لینوکس دانشگاه صنعتی امیرکبیر
علی نادعلی زاده

2. کلمه ی لینوکس به چه چیزی اطلاق میشود ؟
Userspace Applications
برنامه های کاربردی
Kernel
هسته

3. چگونه چنین محصول بزرگی ایجاد شده است ؟
تولید پروژه های کوچک و اتصال آنها به یکدیگر
توسعه دهندگان نرم افزار
توزیع کنندگان
یک توزیع عبارتست از :
هسته ی مرکزی که توسط لینوس توسعه داده شده است
برنامه‌ی های کاربردی GNU
برنامه‌های مورد نیاز برای نصب سیستم و مدیریت بسته های نرم افزاری

4. توسعه دهندگان نرم افزار
قابلیت توسعه نرم‌افزار توسط دیگران
مستند سازی
استفاده از ابزار های توسعه گروهی
تعیین و کار برروی نسخه های پایدار و قابل استفاده در توزیع ها
رفع معایب گزارش شده توسط کاربران
همکاری با توزیع کنندگان

5. توزیع کنندگان
تست و رساندن وضعیت یکی از نسخه های نرم‌افزار به حالت پایدار (Stable)
انتقال اشکالات یافت شده و راه حل‌ها به کد اصلی پروژه برای ارتقای عمومی کیفیت
هماهنگ کردن بسته ی نرم افزاری با اجزای دیگر سیستم
ارایه‌ی پشتیبانی و رفع اشکالات در صورت گزارش توسط کاربران
توزیع بسته های نرم افزاری به صورت امن و امضا شده

6. Fedora جایگزین پروژه‌ی Redhat Linux (سال ۲۰۰۳)
سعی بر استفاده ی آخرین نسخه ها و در نتیجه ترجیح امکانات جدید به پایداری بیشتر
نسخه‌ی Live
استفاده از ساختار RPM برای بسته بندی نرم افزار
سامانه ی Yum برای مدیریت نرم‌افزار ها
Redhat Enterprise / CentOS
One of the best known Linux company in the world is Red Hat, founded in 1995 by Bob Young and Marc Ewing. In 2003, Red Hat decided to focus on business and stopped releasing its public distribution. The company chose to sponsor a community driven project called Fedora. Red Hat Linux 9 was the last version in the Red Hat product line and was replaced by Fedora Core. This distribution is quite unique and mixes leading edge features and conservatism. The result is a stable and secure system with frequent releases and up to date packages which suits both server and desktop installations. The package management is based on RPM, invented by Red Hat, and it is enhanced by a set of tools like Yum, which bring additional features similar to the Debian package management. Because of its close relationship with Red Hat this distribution is very popular among companies. Efforts were also made to make it attractive to the public and Fedora is full of graphical configuration and administration tools. The installation is also graphical and special attention was put to the look and feel of the distribution. As a result Fedora is a popular choice for both desktop and servers among Linux users.
Official website:
Pros: Widely used, good support, innovation, good-looking desktop, configuration tools.
Cons: Not as stable as Debian or Slackware for server use, not as easy and up to date as Suse or Mandrake for desktop use. Fedora is truly a general-purpose distribution.

7. OpenSuse / Suse شرکت Novell سیستم نصب و پیکربندی ساده با نام YaST
تلاش مداوم بر زیبایی و سادگی کار
ساختار RPM برای بسته ها
نسخه ی Live
Since its creation, Suse has always been seen as a distribution of choice for desktop installations. It benefits from a powerful installer and configuration tool called YaST. Professional attention is made to detail, the default KDE desktop environment, the boot process, everything is tailored to make Suse pleasant to the eyes and a serious choice for professional desktops. In 2003, Novell acquired the company and made ISOs of Suse releases freely available on the Internet. Novell also opened the development to public participation and released YaST under the General Public License. Since the launch of OpenSuse, the distribution is now completely free. Suse is stable, polished and pleasant to use. It is probably one of the best desktop solutions.

8. Debian یکی از قدیمی ترین توزیع‌ها
پشتیبانی بیش از ۱۵۰۰۰ بسته ی نرم افزاری بر روی ۱۱ معماری رایانه ها از جمله i386 و ARM, MIPS, AMD64
ساختار DEB برای بسته های نرم افزاری
سامانه‌ی APT برای مدیریت بسته ها
سه شاخه‌ی Stable و Testing و Unstable
فاصله طولانی بین توزیع‌های متوالی و در نتیجه دریافت نرم افزارهای قدیمی تر و در مقابل پایداری بسیار بالا
Debian is one of the oldest GNU/Linux distributions. It was created in 1993 by Ian Murdock who named it after the combination of his own name and the one of his then-girlfriend (now wife) Debra. The Debian project is non-commercial and gathers more than a thousand developers throughout the world. A strict organization and clear guidelines made its releases famous for their stability and reliability. The project is very ambitious and supports more than 15,000 packages on 11 architectures: m68k, SPARC, Alpha, PowerPC, x86, IA-64, PA-RISC, MIPS (big and little endian), ARM and S/390. AMD64 is also supported although it is not officially included in the distribution. Debian is known for its strong adherence to the Unix and free software philosophies, its stability and its huge community. It is also very well documented and translated in many languages. Its software package management is extremely powerful and was adopted by many other distributions. Although it is meant to be a general-purpose distribution, the quality of its releases made Debian a distribution of choice for servers.

9. Ubuntu
شرکت Canonical
بر پایه ی Debian شاخه ی Unstable و انتشار نسخه‌ی جدید در هر ۶ ماه
بیشترین کاربر در بین توزیع‌های مختلف
شامل تمامی نرم‌افزارهای Debian به علاوه‌ ی بسته های جدید در چهار شاخه‌ی Main و Universe و Restricted و Multiverse و ارایه ی پشتیبانی بر روی دسته ی Main و Restricted
ارایه ی نسخه های LTS (پشتیبانی طولانی مدت) در هر ۲ سال
پشتیبانی از نرم افزارهای کدبسته‌ی ضروری
In 2004 a distribution which was never heard of before, quickly became the most popular and famous of all distributions: Ubuntu. Based on the "Unstable" branch of Debian, Ubuntu features a fast release cycle, up to date and numerous packages, fast download mirrors, great documentation and even free shipment of CDs. Even though the installer is text-based and the configuration tools are not as good looking or integrated as those found in Fedora, Suse or Mandriva, this distribution quickly became the most used for desktop use. Ubuntu was created by Mark Shuttleworth and is distributed by his company Canonical Ltd. It is not clear whether or not Ubuntu is profitable to Canonical Ltd, but according to the multi-millionaire Mark Shuttleworth, this is not the main priority nor purpose of the distribution. Instead, Ubuntu aims to be an innovative and dynamic general purpose distribution which tackles issues that were not addressed by other distributions. Since its creation, Ubuntu has been the most popular GNU/Linux distribution and every single release is better than the previous one.

10. توزیع‌های دیگر Knoppix Mandriva Gentoo Mepis Slackware …

11. LSB (Linux Standard Base)
قراردادی مشترک بین توزیع‌ها برای ارایه ی محیطی استاندارد به شرکت های نرم افزاری
ساختار بسته بندی مشترک
کتابخانه‌های مشترک مورد استفاده
مکان فایل‌ها و تنظیمات
دستورهای سیستمی