1. Lecture IV Crimean War and the Eastern Question

3. I. The Ottoman Empire Osman I & Ottoman Empire
Mehmed II conquered Constantinople in 1453
Hayreddin Barbarossa
Suleiman
the Magnificant

6. II. Main Concerns of European Powers in the 19th century
Unification; Anti-France; less interested in Eastern Question;
Exit to sea; guardian of Orthodoxy; establishment of Tsargrad;
Interest in the Black Sea and Me. area; keep watch on Russia;
Interest in Egypt and Turkey; guardian of Catholic;
Fear of Panslavism’s influence domestically; fear of Russia

7. II. Main Concerns of European Powers in the 19th century俄 法 英 奥

8. Now I treat you like friend and want to discuss with you
Now I treat you like friend and want to discuss with you. If we, I mean I and England can make agreement, nothing else will be important to me. Frankly, I want to tell you that I won’t permit England’s interference in Constantinople in the near future. On the other hand, I as well will no interfere, which of course means I as an individual. But as a temporary protector, it is another thing. That depends. No one can occupy Constantinople. Neither Russians, nor English or French. I will never let this happen. Let Moldavia, Wallachia, Serbia and Bulgaria be under protection of Russia. As for Egypt, I’ve heard about its importance to England. I totally understand it. All I can say is that, after the collapse of Ottoman Empire, when we divide its legacy, I will not have a say about your gain of Egypt. This island may be useful to you, and I can see no reason to let England not to have it.
Nicholas I

9. Alexandra Menshikov
Stratford Canning

10. “Russian Government has right, as past, to propose reports on the interst of Churches and priests.”  “Russian Government has right, as past, to giver orders on the interst of Churches and priests.”
Change of Turkish Embassys
Persuation of rejecting to Russia
Violation of Final Act

11. III. Crimean War October 5, Turkish declares war on Russia
October 30, British Fleet enters the Bosphorus
March 28, France and Great Britain declare war on Russia
April 20, Austria and Prussia declare their neutrality
July 7, Russians defeated at Giurgevo
September 24, Allies around Sebastopol
January 26, Sardinia joins the Allies;
March 2, death of Tsar Nicholas I, succession of Alexander II who recalls Menshikov
March 15, Vienna Conference opens
September 9, Russia evacuates Sebastopol
April 27, ratification of the Treaty of Paris by Ottoman Empire, Austria, Russia, Britain, France, Sardina, Prussia, formal end of the war.

12. Congress of Paris

13. Treaty of Paris
Black Sea was demilitarised; an international commission was set up to guarantee freedom of commerce and navigation on the Danube river.
Moldavia and Wallachia would stay under nominal Ottoman rule. Moldavia received the south of Bessarabia.
Russia resumed control of Sebastopol and other areas.
Free of practice Christian in Turkey.

14. Consequence of Crimean War
Developed capitalism V.S backward serf system
End of allying system among Austria, Prussia and Russia, and bring the Vienna System to an end
Acceleration of Ottoman Empire collapse
Influence on the unification of Germany and Italy
Influence on China

15. IV. Eastern Question Turkey: “Sick man of Europe”
European Nationalism Problem
1804－1805 Serbia Revolution
1821－1829 Greek Independence
1853－1856 Crimean War
To be continued…
What should be done with THE EAST?

17. European Powers’ attitude towards “Eastern Question” in 1870s
TURKEY
EGYPT
RUSSIA UK
challenger
Status quo
AUSTRIA
swayer
GERMANY
FRANCE
abstainer
Watcher/ honest broker

18. Great Eastern Crisis 1875-78 July Herzegovina Uprising
December Andrassy Note
April April Uprising
May Berlin Memorandum
July Reichstadt Agreement
October Constantinople Conference
April Russo-Turkish War
March Treaty of San Stefano

19. Congress of Berlin

20. Treaty of Berlin
Confirm of independence of Romania, Serbia and Montenegro
Autonomy of Bulgaria: the Principality of Bulgaria, the autonomous province of Eastern Rumelia, and Macedonia
British gained Cyprus

22. Some Reflections on Eastern Question
Multi-lateral system in European Relations
Coordination between power dicide the distribution of interest;
National strenghth is a key factor to its status in IR
National interest determine the direction of international relations and cause problems

23. Recommended readings
Michael S. Anderson, The Eastern Question, 1774–1923: A Study in International Relations, Macmillan, 1966;
A.J.P. Taylor, The Struggle for Mastery in Europe: 1848–1918, Oxford University Press, 1954;
Alexander Lyon Macfie, The Eastern Question, 1774–1923, Longman, 1996;
Norman Rich, Great Power Diplomacy: 1814–1914, McGraw-Hill College, 1992