1. Linguistics 1, Summer 2015
Some topics for review

2. Topics Whorf Hypothesis Syntactic types and “headedness”
Phonetics: Consonants
Phonetics: Vowels
English vowel changes
Comparative Method and Mass Comparison
Critical age and sources of adult errors in second language acquisition
Inflection vs. derivation

3. The Whorf Hypothesis (1)
Here are shown the different ways in which English and Nootka formulate the same event. The English sentence is divisible into subject and pre-dicate, the Nootka sentence is not, yet it is complete and logical. Furthermore, the Nootka sentence is just one word, consisting of the root tl’imish with five suffixes.
What is the claim that Whorf would make about these linguistic differences?
The differences in the cultures lead to the linguistic differences.
English and Nootka speakers must see events in different ways.
Languages can differ greatly in grammatical structures.
English and Nootka societies organize social events differently.

4. The Whorf Hypothesis (2)
Here are shown the different ways in which English and Nootka formulate the same event. The English sentence is divisible into subject and pre-dicate, the Nootka sentence is not, yet it is complete and logical. Furthermore, the Nootka sentence is just one word, consisting of the root tl’imish with five suffixes.
What is the weak spot in claim that Whorf is making?
Different social organization leads to different language structures.
Whorf would have no idea what goes on in Nootka heads.
The only evidence that Nootka and English speakers view the event differently is differences in linguistic structures.
It is obvious that English and Nootka speakers do NOT think differently.

5. Word Order and Heads of Phrases
What is the sentence word order type?
Which phrasal orders are consistent with this?

6. Articulatory Phonetics: Consonants
Movie
Articulatory Phonetics: Consonants
List of
topics

7. Select the correct description for the consonant depicted in each diagram.
(1)
(2)
(3)
voiceless labiodental fricative
voiced velar stop
voiceless alveolar stop
voiceless (inter)dental fricative
voiced alveolar nasal
voiced alveolar fricative
List of
topics

8. Select the correct description for the consonant depicted in each diagram.
(4)
(5)
(6)
voiceless labiodental fricative
voiced velar stop
voiceless alveolar stop
voiceless (inter)dental fricative
voiced dental nasal
voiced alveolar fricative
List of
topics

9. Articulatory Phonetics: Vowels
Movie
Articulatory Phonetics: Vowels
List of
topics

10. Match the phonetic vowel symbols in the table with the pronounced vowels in the words.
fleck
lack
lake
leak
lick
like
lock
Loke (a Cantonese name)
look
lout
luck
L. Luke
List of
topics

11. Vowels and Spelling (1)
What is the vowel sound found in all these words?
[i]
[ı]
[e]
[ɛ]
[ay]

12. Vowels and Spelling (2)
What is the vowel sound found in all these words?
[u]
[ʊ]
[o]
[ɔ]
[aw]

13. English Vowels (1)
Why are the vowels in Column 1 different from the vowels in Columns 2 & 3?
The words in Column 1 are unrelated to the others
Those in Column 1 are native, the others are borrowed
Those in Column 1 underwent a different sound change from the others
Sounds in words change in random fashion

14. English Vowels (2)
Why does English pronounce the vowels Column 1 differently from those in French, but the same in Column 2?
Those in Column 1 underwent a change in English that those in Column 2 did not
English and French underwent different sound changes
Those in Column 1 reflect the French pronunciation at the time they were borrowed
Sounds in words change in random fashion

15. Comparative method
How many correspondence sets are illustrated in this data?
Two
Three
Four
Many—the correspondence seem random

16. Mass Comparison
How many language families seem to be represented in this data?
One
Two
Three
Six

17. Second Language Acquisition (1)
Native speaker of Mandarin Chinese:
“They pay much attention on grammar rules than the actual use of English in communications.
What is the source of the underlined errors in English?
Overgeneralization
Interference

18. Second Language Acquisition (2)
Native speaker of Mandarin Chinese:
“Language is human cognitive ability which marked that human have to understand and practice second language in order to master it.”
What is the source of the underlined errors in English?
Overgeneralization
Interference

19. Inflection and Derivation: The underlined words all have a morphological error. The incorrectly used morpheme is…
an inflectional affix
a derivational affix: N V
a derivational affix: V  N
a derivational affix: A  V
a derivational affix: V  A
a derivational affix: A  N
a derivational affix: N  A
a derivational affix that does not change category
Answers to all these are given under #5 in
List of
topics