1. Reasons for the Crusades
Pope wanted to increase his power
Christians believed they could gain salvation (entry into Heaven) if they fought
Control of Jerusalem
Nobles saw land opportunities to start their own kingdoms
Serfs hoped to escape feudal oppression
Adventure

2. Bernard of Clairvaux & the Second Crusade
The First Crusade was moderately successful
Historians believe this was due to infighting among Sunni and Shiite Muslims
Latin states were established in Antioch, Edessa, and Jerusalem
Muslims & Jews slaughtered
Native Christians kicked out
In 1145, Edessa is recaptured by Muslims
A call for a new crusade goes out
No popular enthusiasm for a second crusade
Pope Eugene commissions a monk, Bernard of Clairvaux, to preach the Second Crusade
He is successful in recruiting kings to take arms, but…

3. Bernard of Clairvaux & the Second Crusade
The Second Crusade is a complete failure

4. The Third Crusade (1189 – 1192) Saladin
United a great deal of the Muslim world under the practices of Sunni Islam (becomes sultan of Egypt and Syria)
Well respected by Christians
Seen as fair & chivalrous
Often freed Christian prisoners
Captures most Crusader cities in response to raids on Muslims by Raynald, a knight and Prince of Antioch

5. The Third Crusade (1189 – 1192) Siege of Jerusalem (1187)
Saladin offers a peaceful surrender of the city
Balian, the highest ranking lord in Jerusalem, is convinced by citizens to not surrender & fight back
After 13 days of fighting, Balian surrenders & hands over keys of Jerusalem's citadel to Saladin
The fall of Jerusalem inspires the Third Crusade

6. The Third Crusade (1189 – 1192) The Christians
Richard The Lionheart, King of England
Anti-Semitic
Slaughtered 2700 Muslims at Acre
Frederick of Barbarosa, Holy Roman Emperor
Philip II, King of France

7. The Third Crusade (1189 – 1192) Outcome
Richard becomes leader of crusade after Frederick’s death & Philip’s return to France
Needed to return to England to deal w/his brother’s planned usurpation
Negotiates a peace with Saladin that would allow Christian pilgrims safe passage to Jerusalem
Once again, it was a failure for Christians

8. The Children’s Crusade
The Children’s Crusade  Thousands of children were set out to the Holy land with no arms.
Believed God would give them Jerusalem
Children die of cold, starvation or drowning
Some were sold into slavery

11. Impact of the Crusades Despite being a failure for the Christians…
Returning crusaders inspire interest in the East
Trade increases = Cultural Diffusion
Increase in religious intolerance
New Religious Orders Founded
Templars  protect pilgrims traveling to Holy Land
Hospitalers  cared for sick pilgrims
Kings power increases as Nobles’ power decreases
Feudalism weakened
Rent is paid instead of services provided

12. 3…2…1 Identify 3 effects of the crusades
Identify 2 causes of the crusades
Identify 1 difference between the First Crusade and the Second & Third Crusades