1. Arc Welding
By: John Templeton

2. Objectives
Identify and explain safety practices and procedures as related to electric and oxy-fuel welding
Identify equipment used in SMAW welding
Explain the SMAW process
Identify the 2 types of welding current and machines

3. Arc Welding
The process of fusing two or more pieces of metal together by using the heat produced from an electric arc welding machine.
Otherwise known as SMAW (shielded metal arc welding)
The electrode produces a gas which shields the arc from the atmosphere as the electrode melts.

4. SMAW Advantages Scrap metal can used make repairs
Repairs can be made quickly before a problem becomes severe
Metal repair and construction can be accomplished more economically
Arc welders can be used to accomplish jobs like cutting, piercing, gouging and beveling

5. Welding Equipment Welding hood Welding gloves Electrodes
Welding machine
Chipping hammer
Wire brush

6. Welding Equipment
Welding leads
Electrode holder
Ground clamp

7. Alternating Current Welding
AC (alternating current)
Most common
180 Ampere or 225 Ampere between volts
Can handle most agriculture and construction jobs
Alternating flow of electrons

8. SMAW

9. Direct Current Welding
DC (direct current)
Can produce direct current of both straight (negative) and reverse (positive) polarity.
Polarity is the direction in which the current flows across the arc.
Makes a continuous flow of electrons

10. Straight/Reverse Polarity
Straight Polarity (DC-)
Work is positive and electrode is negative
Used to weld thinner metals
Shallow penetration
Reverse Polarity (DC+)
Work is negative and electrode is positive
Used to weld thicker metals
Deeper penetration

11. Types of Welding Machines
AC machine
Only works on alternating current (+-)

12. Types of Welding Machines
AC/DC
Can run on three different types of current
Alternating
Direct current + (reverse polarity)
Direct current – (straight polarity)
This machine will have a rectifier switch which will allow it to switch between the three
Or the leads will need to be placed in certain parts of the machine.

13. Types of Welding Machines
AC/DC Machines
Are capable of handling most agriculture and construction.
Are the most popular.
Allow the operator to weld metal of all thickness.

14. Types of Welding Machines
Machines can either be gasoline engine driven or they can be powered be electricity.

15. Duty Cycle
Tells the operator how long his machine can operate without causing damage to the machine.
It is how long a machine can run in ten minute intervals, and is measured by a percentage.

16. Duty Cycle
If a machine has a duty cycle of 25%, for every ten minutes the machine is operated you can only weld for 2.5 minutes.
The remaining 7.5 minutes must be spent letting the machine idle.

17. Electrodes
All major manufacturers of welding electrodes use the American Welding Society (AWS) code of specifications.
Each company makes basically the same quality which is established by the AWS.

18. Electrodes
Electrodes are classified according to type of coating, composition of the weld metal and operating characteristics.
The numbering system is started with “E” for electrode and then followed by a four digit number

19. Electrodes
Each number in the four number sequence has a specific meaning.
60XX = Tensile Strength in pounds (X 1,000)
60,000 lbs per square inch
XX1X = Welding Position
1 =All 2 = Flat and Horizontal 3 = Flat
XXX1 = Polarity
1,3,4,8=AC or DC Reverse
2 = AC or DC straight
0 = DC Reverse

20. Electrodes
What is the classification of an E 7018? E 70 1 8

21. Electrode Diameter
Electrodes are also measured by their diameter (the diameter of the electrode without including the flux.
The diameter is measured in thirty-seconds of an inch.
Always use an electrode ½ the size of you base metal
What does this mean?

22. Electrodes
What diameter electrode should you use if your base metal is ½ in thick?
1/8 inch?
¼ inch?

23. Electrodes
When selecting an electrode you need to consider the following:
How thick is your base metal?
What condition is your metal in?
What type of machine do you have access to?
Welding position?

24. Welding Safety Electrical shock Make sure the machine is grounded.
Make sure the cables are not cut or frayed.
Do not stand in wet surfaces.
Wear leather gloves.
Wear rubber-soled shoes

25. Radiant Energy Radiant Energy can cause burn
Make sure you helmet is in good repair and lenses are not cracked.
Make sure all skin is covered with cotton material
Say cover before welding, so that everyone can protect themselves from radiant energy

26. Eye Protection Make sure you are welding with a shade of 12-14 lens
Make sure your helmet has a Z87 clear lens with a shaded lens on top.

27. Ventilation Make sure you are welding in a well ventilated area
If you become sick do not continue and drink milk.
Use fans to blow out smoke

28. General Safety Keep work area clean and free from hazards.
Welding leads
Flammables
Cover eyes while chipping slag

29. What to do and what not to do

30. Review What are the types of welding current?
What are the types of welding machines?
Describe proper ventilation when welding.