1. PROKARYOTE EUKARYOTE Pro has NO No nucleus, no organelles You are Eu!!
Eu has nucleus and organelles

2. ANIMAL CELL PLANT CELL
Have centrioles
Has cell wall and chloroplasts

3. CHLOROPLAST MITOCHONDRIA
Found in plant cells
Site of photosynthesis
Found in plant and animal cells
Site of cellular respiration

4. DNA RNA Double stranded Double helix Deoxyribose sugar A, T, C, G
Single stranded
Ribose sugar
A, U, C, G

5. RECEPTOR CHANNEL Cell membrane protein that receives messages
Cell membrane protein that acts as a doorway for molecules to pass through

6. ACTIVE PASSIVE Requires energy
Moves molecules from lesser to greater concentration
Moves moleules UP the concentration gradient
Does not require energy
Moves molecules from greater to lesser concentration
Moves molecules DOWN the concentration gradient

7. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESPIRATION
Occurs in the chloroplasts
Requires energy in the form of light
Occurs in the mitochondria
Releases energy in the form of ATP

8. AEROBIC RESPIRATION ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION
Requires oxygen
Releases the most ATP (38)
Occurs when NO oxygen is present
Only releases 4 ATP

9. LACTIC ACID ALCOHOLIC FERMENTATION FERMENTATION
Occurs in animals
Releases lactic acid as a by-product
Causes muscle fatigue and soreness
Occurs in plants
Releases alcohol as a by-product
Source of the wine/beer industry

10. DNA REPLICATION RNA TRANSCRIPTION
Makes a copy of DNA
Occurs during S-phase of interphase
Makes RNA from DNA
Must occur so that protein synthesis can occur

11. TRANSCRIPTION TRANSLATION
Makes RNA from DNA
Must occur since DNA is too big to fit through nuclear membrane
Makes protein from RNA
RNA codons determine the order of the amino acids in the protein

12. TYPES OF RNA
mRNA: messenger RNA; carries the message from DNA to the ribosome
tRNA: transfer RNA; carries the amino acids to the ribosome in the proper order
rRNA: ribosomal RNA; makes up part of the ribosome

13. ASEXUAL SEXUAL One parent
Offspring is a clone (or exact copy) of the parent cell
No variation within the population; if one dies of disease, they all die
Two parents
Offspring is a genetic mix of the two parent
Produces variation within the species; if one dies of disease, the whole population does NOT die

14. MITOSIS MEIOSIS Starts with 1 diploid cell
Ends with 2 diploid cells that are exactly the same
Produces somatic (body) cells
Goes through IPMAT and cytokinesis one time
Starts with 1 diploid cell
Ends with 4 haploid cells that are each different
Produces gametes (sex cells)
Goes through IPMAT and cytokinesis two times

15. DIPLOID HAPLOID 2n In humans, the diploid number is 46 chromosomes
Individuals with 2 complete sets of chromosomes (one set from each parent) n
In humans, the haploid number is 23 chromosomes
Individuals with one set of chromosomes

16. GENOTYPE PHENOTYPE The gene combination The letters such as AA, Aa, aa
The physical trait
A description of the trait such as tall or short

17. DOMINANT RECESSIVE
The trait that is seen when paired with a recessive trait
The dominant trait masks/hides the recessive trait
Represented by the capital letter (A)
The trait that is not seen when paired with a dominant trait
The recessive trait is masked or hidden
Represented by the little letter (a)
The recessive phenotype is only seen with a genotype of “aa”

18. CODOMINANT INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE
When the heterozygous genotype (Aa) results in a phenotype that shows BOTH of the other two phenotypes
Usually seen as spots, stripes, or checks
When the heterozygous genotype results in a phenotype that is a blend of the other two phenotypes
Red and white make pink

19. MULTIPLE POLYGENIC ALLELES
When more than two alleles govern a trait
Human blood type is an example
When more than one gene controls a trait
Skin, eye, and hair color are examples

20. DNA KARYOTYPES FINGERPRINTS
Uses gel electrophoresis
Used to determine parentage and solve crimes
A picture of a person’s chromosomes
Used to determine chromosomal abnormalities and sex of child

21. MORPHOLOGY PHYLOGENY Using physical traits to classify organisms
Used primarily by Aristotle and Linneus
Using evolutionary relationships to classify organisms
Used in the modern system of classification

22. AUTOTROPH HETEROTROPH
Organisms that can make their own food through chemosynthesis or photosynthesis
Examples: algae, trees, certain bacterias
Organisms that absorb or ingest their food
Examples: people, bugs, fungi

23. T CELLS B CELLS Help B cells make antibodies or kill infected cells

24. TAXIS TROPISM Simple animal movement toward or away from a stimulus
Clams, slugs, worms
Simple plant responses toward or away from a stimulus
Plant leaning toward the light

25. INSTINCT REFLEX
An innate behavior that is complex and takes a while to perform
Birds building a nest
An innate behavior that is simple and quick
Blinking when something hits your face; fight or flight

26. LEARNED INNATE Behaviors that must be taught and practiced
Conditioning, trial and error, insight, social heirarchies
Behaviors that are inherited and do not have to be learned
Reflexes and instincts