1. Evolutionary Processes
I. Population Evolution (Microevolution)
A. Definitions
1. Population versus Specie
2. Gene Pool versus Gene Frequency
3. Homozygous versus Heterozygous
4. Genes versus Alleles

2. B. Mendel’s Principles 2. Application 1. Condition & Principle
One gene = One trait and a fixed gene pool.
a. First principle =
Principle of Segregation
2. Application
Monohybrid heterozygous crosses yield what kind of phenotypic and genotypic ratios?

3. Phenotypic Ratio
3:1
Genotypic Ratio
1:2:1
Figure 14.7

4. 1. Condition & Principle
One gene = One trait and a fixed gene pool.
b. Second principle =
Principle of Independent Assortment
2. Application
Dihybrid heterozygous crosses yield what kind of phenotypic and genotypic ratios?

5. Figure 14.8
Phenotypic Ratio
9:3:3:1
Genotypic Ratio

6. C. Hardy-Weinberg Theorem
1. Conditions
For the H-W principle to work: No Mutation, No Gene Flow, Large Population, Random Mating, and No Natural Selection
2. Application
AA = p2, aa = q2, and Aa = 2pq or 1 = p2 + 2pq + q2

7. Figure 23.8

8. D. Microevolution 1. Trends a. Gene Flow i. Immigration and
ii. Emigration
Figure 24.12

9. b. Genetic Drift
i. Bottleneck and
ii. Founder Effects
Figure 23.10

10. c. Mutation =
Why or How?

11. e. Natural Selection Trends i. Stabilizing vs. ii. Directional vs.
d. Non-random and Assortative mating (competition, predation, sex selection, altruism, and symbiosis)
i. Inbreeding vs.
ii. Sex Selection
e. Natural Selection Trends
i. Stabilizing vs.
ii. Directional vs.
iii. Diversifying
Causes?
Figure 23.13

12. E. Extinction 1. Causes a. Distribution b. Interactions
c. Habitat Changes
Natural versus Man-made

13. II. Species Formation (Macroevolution)
A. Definition
B. Speciation Mechanisms
1. Allopatric
Figure 24.8

14. 2. Sympatric
Figure 24.9
Figure 24.5

15. 3. Parapatric

16. 4. Isolation
Figure 24.3

17. III. Evolutionary Trends
A. Definition
B. Rate
2. Punctuated
1. Gradualistic
Figure 24.16

18. 3. Mosaic
Figure 25.28

19. C. Mechanisms 1. Exaptations 2. Allometric Growth Figure 34.29

20. a. Heterochrony
b. Paedomorphosis
Figure 25.24