1. Dissensus on Scientific Consensus: Who Perceives What and Why
Dissensus on Scientific Consensus: Who Perceives What and Why
Dan M. Kahan
Yale University
& many x 103 others

3. Do you believe the statement “97% of climate scientists have concluded that human activity is causing global climate change”? 0%
25%
50%
75%
100%
"Yes"
"No"
Yes
Yes No
Data source: CCP/Annenberg Public Policy Cntr, Jan. 5-19, N = Nationally representative sample. CIs denote 0.95 level of confidence for estimated population means.

6. Left_right Probability of “yes”
Do you believe the statement “97% of climate scientists have concluded that human activity is causing global climate change”?
Probability of “yes”
Very liberal
Strong Democrat
Liberal
Democrat
Moderate
Independent
Conservative
Republican
Very Conservative
Strong Republican
Left_right
Data source: CCP/Annenberg Public Policy Cntr, Jan. 5-19, N = Nationally representative sample.” “Left_Right,” a continuous political outlook scale formed by aggregating responses to 7-point party identification item and 5-point “liberal-conservative” ideology item (α = 0.80). Lowess regression.

7. Left_right Probability of “yes”
Do you believe the statement “97% of climate scientists have concluded that human activity is causing global climate change”?
r = , p < 0.01
Probability of “yes”
Very liberal
Strong Democrat
Liberal
Democrat
Moderate
Independent
Conservative
Republican
Very Conservative
Strong Republican
Left_right
Data source: CCP/Annenberg Public Policy Cntr, Jan. 5-19, N = Nationally representative sample.” “Left_Right,” a continuous political outlook scale formed by aggregating responses to 7-point party identification item and 5-point “liberal-conservative” ideology item (α = 0.80). Lowess regression.

8. Left_right Probability of “yes”
There is “solid evidence” of recent global warming due “mostly” to “human activity such as burning fossil fuels.”
r = , p < 0.01
r = , p < 0.01
Probability of “yes”
Very liberal
Strong Democrat
Liberal
Democrat
Moderate
Independent
Conservative
Republican
Very Conservative
Strong Republican
Left_right
Data source: CCP/Annenberg Public Policy Cntr, Jan. 5-19, N =570. Nationally representative sample.” “Left_Right,” a continuous political outlook scale formed by aggregating responses to 7-point party identification item and 5-point “liberal-conservative” ideology item (α = 0.80). Lowess regression.

9. Do you believe the statement “97% of climate scientists have concluded that human activity is causing global climate change”?
Probability of “yes”
Data source: CCP/Annenberg Public Policy Cntr, Jan. 5-19, N = Nationally representative sample. Lowess regression.

10. Do you believe the statement “97% of climate scientists have concluded that human activity is causing global climate change”?
r = 0.04, p < 0.05
Probability of “yes”
Data source: CCP/Annenberg Public Policy Cntr, Jan. 5-19, N = Nationally representative sample. Lowess regression.

11. Do you believe the statement “97% of climate scientists have concluded that human activity is causing global climate change”?
Probability of “yes”
Data source: CCP/Annenberg Public Policy Cntr, Jan. 5-19, N = Nationally representative sample.” “Left_Right,” a continuous political outlook scale formed by aggregating responses to 7-point party identification item and 5-point “liberal-conservative” ideology item (α = 0.80). Lowess regression.

12. Do you believe the statement “97% of climate scientists have concluded that human activity is causing global climate change”?
< avg left_right
Probability of “yes”
Data source: CCP/Annenberg Public Policy Cntr, Jan. 5-19, N = Nationally representative sample.” “Left_Right,” a continuous political outlook scale formed by aggregating responses to 7-point party identification item and 5-point “liberal-conservative” ideology item (α = 0.80). Lowess regression.

13. Do you believe the statement “97% of climate scientists have concluded that human activity is causing global climate change”?
< avg left_right
Probability of “yes”
> avg left_right
Data source: CCP/Annenberg Public Policy Cntr, Jan. 5-19, N = Nationally representative sample.” “Left_Right,” a continuous political outlook scale formed by aggregating responses to 7-point party identification item and 5-point “liberal-conservative” ideology item (α = 0.80). Lowess regression.

14. Conservative Republican
Do you believe the statement “97% of climate scientists have concluded that human activity is causing global climate change”?
Liberal Democrat
Probability of “yes”
Conservative Republican
Data source: CCP/Annenberg Public Policy Cntr, Jan. 5-19, N = Nationally representative sample.” “Liberal Democrat” and “Conservative Republican” reflect values for predictors set to those values on 5-point ideology & 7-point party-identification items. Colored bars denote 0.95 CIs.

15. Conservative Republican Conservative Republican
There is “solid evidence” of recent global warming due “mostly” to “human activity such as burning fossil fuels.”
Liberal Democrat
Liberal Democrat
Probability of “agree”
Conservative Republican
Conservative Republican
Data source: CCP/Annenberg Public Policy Cntr, Jan. 5-19, N = Nationally representative sample.” “Liberal Democrat” and “Conservative Republican” reflect values for predictors set to those values on 5-point ideology & 7-point party-identification items. Colored bars denote 0.95 CIs.

16. * * *

17. “Low” “Neutral” “High”
“How would you rate your level of confidence in the judgment of the American Academy of Pediatrics that vaccines are a “safe and effective way to prevent serious disease”? 0%
25%
50%
75%
100%
“Low”
“Neutral”
“High”
Data source: Cultural Cognition Project, N = Nationally representative sample. ”CIs denote 0.95 CIs for estimated population means.

18. “Low” “Neutral” “High”
“How would you rate your level of confidence in the judgment of the American Academy of Pediatrics that vaccines are a “safe and effective way to prevent serious disease”? 0%
25%
50%
75%
100%
“Low”
“Neutral”
“High”
Data source: Cultural Cognition Project, N = Nationally representative sample. ”CIs denote 0.95 CIs for estimated population means.

19. “Low” “Neutral” “High”
“How would you rate your level of confidence in the judgment of the American Academy of Pediatrics that vaccines are a “safe and effective way to prevent serious disease”?
< avg left_right
> avg left_right 0%
25%
50%
75%
100%
“Low”
“Neutral”
“High”
Data source: Cultural Cognition Project, N = 789. Nationally representative sample. Respondents classified in relation to “Left_Right,” a continuous political outlook scale formed by aggregating responses to 7-point party identification item and 7-point “liberal-conservative” ideology item. Error bars reflect 0.95 confidence interval.

21. “How would you rate your level of confidence in the judgment of the American Academy of Pediatrics that vaccines are a “safe and effective way to prevent serious disease”?
r = 0.13, p < 0.01
Probability of “high”
Data source: Cultural Cognition Project, N = Nationally representative sample.” Based on ordered logistic regression. Colored bars denote 0.95 CIs

22. Conservative Republican
Do you believe the statement “97% of climate scientists have concluded that human activity is causing global climate change”?
Liberal Democrat
Probability of “yes”
Conservative Republican
Data source: CCP/Annenberg Public Policy Cntr, Jan. 5-19, N = Nationally representative sample.” “Liberal Democrat” and “Conservative Republican” reflect values for predictors set to those values on 5-point ideology & 7-point party-identification items. Colored bars denote 0.95 CIs.

24. Childhood vaccinate rates (CDC, Nat’l Imm. Survey)

30. Source: CCP, Vaccine Risk Perception Report (2014). N ≈775
Source: CCP, Vaccine Risk Perception Report (2014) . N ≈775. Standard errors ≈ 0.05.

32. Cultural Cognition Worldviews
Hierarchy
Individualism
Communitarianism
Egalitarianism

33. Cultural Cognition Worldviews
Risk Perception Key
Low Risk
High Risk
Hierarchy
Environment: climate, nuclear
Gays military/gay parenting
hierarchical individualists
hierarchical communitarians
Marijuana legalization
Guns/Gun Control
cats/annoying varmints
HPV Vaccination
Immigration
Individualism
Communitarianism
Gays military/gay parenting
Environment: climate, nuclear
Guns/Gun Control
Marijuana legalization
egalitarian individualists
egalitarian communitarians
HPV Vaccination
cats/annoying varmints
Immigration
Egalitarianism

35. Cultural Cognition Worldviews
Risk Perception Key
Low Risk
High Risk
Hierarchy
Climate change
Nuclear waste disposal
Concealed carry bans
Individualism
Communitarianism
Climate change
Nuclear waste disposal
Concealed carry bans
Egalitarianism

39. N = 1,500. Derived from ordered-logit regression analysis, controlling for demographic and political affiliation/ideology variables. Culture variables set 1 SD from mean on culture scales. CIs reflect 0.95 level of confidence

42. Cultural Cognition of Risk
Hierarchy
hierarchical individualists
hierarchical communitarians
Individualism
Communitarianism
egalitarian individualists
egalitarian communitarians
Egalitarianism

43. Cultural Cognition of Risk
Hierarchy
Risk > Benefit
Individualism
Communitarianism
Benefit > Risk
Egalitarianism

44. Pct. Agree “The HPV vaccine is safe for use among young girls...” 80%
47%
61%
71%
66%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
No Argument
Argument
Expected Advocate/Argument
Alignment
Unexpected Advocate/Argument
Pluralistic Advocate/Argument
61%
Pct. Agree
58%
No Argument
Balanced Argument

45. Pct. Agree “The HPV vaccine is safe for use among young girls...” 80%
47%
56%
61%
71%
66%
70%
40%
50%
60%
80%
No Argument
Argument
Expected Advocate/Argument
Alignment
Unexpected Advocate/Argument
Pluralistic Advocate/Argument
61%
Pct. Agree
58%
No Argument
Balanced Argument

46. Culturally identifiable “public health experts”
Hierarchy
Individualism
Communitarianism
Egalitarianism

47. Pct. Agree “The HPV vaccine is safe for use among young girls...” 80%
47%
56%
61%
71%
66%
70%
40%
50%
60%
80%
No Argument
Argument
Expected Advocate/Argument
Alignment
Unexpected Advocate/Argument
Pluralistic Advocate/Argument
61%
Pct. Agree
58%
No Argument
Balanced Argument
Expected
Argument/Advocate
Alignment

48. Pct. Agree “The HPV vaccine is safe for use among young girls...” 80%
47%
56%
61%
71%
66%
70%
40%
50%
60%
80%
No Argument
Argument
Expected Advocate/Argument
Alignment
Unexpected Advocate/Argument
Pluralistic Advocate/Argument
Pct. Agree
No Argument
Balanced Argument
Expected
Argument/Advocate
Alignment
Unexpected
Argument/Advocate
Alignment

49. Pct. Agree “The HPV vaccine is safe for use among young girls...” 80%
47%
56%
61%
71%
66%
70%
40%
50%
60%
80%
No Argument
Argument
Expected Advocate/Argument
Alignment
Unexpected Advocate/Argument
Pluralistic Advocate/Argument
61%
Pct. Agree
58%
No Argument
Balanced Argument
Expected
Argument/Advocate
Alignment
Unexpected
Argument/Advocate
Alignment

50. Five theses on perceptions of scientific consensus:
I. Citizens of diverse backgrounds and outlooks all have a positive attitude toward science.
II. Public conflicts over decision-relevant science are not rooted in a defect in science comprehension or in a disagreement over the value of science generally; they stem from considerations particular to the issues being decided.
III. A principle source of conflict over decision-relevant science is the entanglement of facts in antagonistic social meanings, which transform competing positions into badges of cultural identity.
IV. When policy-relevant facts become entangled in antagonistic social meanings, citizens don’t lose trust in science; rather, they lose the practical ability to recognize what science knows.
V. Preempting and dispelling polarization over decision-relevant science demands institutions and norms that protect the science communication environment from antagonistic meanings.

51. Five theses on perceptions of scientific consensus:
I. Citizens of diverse backgrounds and outlooks all have a positive attitude toward science.
II. Public conflicts over decision-relevant science are not rooted in a defect in science comprehension or in a disagreement over the value of science generally; they stem from considerations particular to the issues being decided.
III. A principle source of conflict over decision-relevant science is the entanglement of facts in antagonistic social meanings, which transform competing positions into badges of cultural identity.
IV. When policy-relevant facts become entangled in antagonistic social meanings, citizens don’t lose trust in science; rather, they lose the practical ability to recognize what science knows.
V. Preempting and dispelling polarization over decision-relevant science demands institutions and norms that protect the science communication environment from antagonistic meanings.

52. Five theses on perceptions of scientific consensus:
I. Citizens of diverse backgrounds and outlooks all have a positive attitude toward science.
II. Public conflicts over decision-relevant science are not rooted in a defect in science comprehension or in a disagreement over the value of science generally; they stem from considerations particular to the issues being decided.
III. A principle source of conflict over decision-relevant science is the entanglement of facts in antagonistic social meanings, which transform competing positions into badges of cultural identity.
IV. When policy-relevant facts become entangled in antagonistic social meanings, citizens don’t lose trust in science; rather, they lose the practical ability to recognize what science knows.
V. Preempting and dispelling polarization over decision-relevant science demands institutions and norms that protect the science communication environment from antagonistic meanings.

56. Childhood vaccinate rates (CDC, Nat’l Imm. Survey)

57. Five theses on perceptions of scientific consensus:
I. Citizens of diverse backgrounds and outlooks all have a positive attitude toward science.
II. Public conflicts over decision-relevant science are not rooted in a defect in science comprehension or in a disagreement over the value of science generally; they stem from considerations particular to the issues being decided.
III. A principle source of conflict over decision-relevant science is the entanglement of facts in antagonistic social meanings, which transform competing positions into badges of cultural identity.
IV. When policy-relevant facts become entangled in antagonistic social meanings, citizens don’t lose trust in science; rather, they lose the practical ability to recognize what science knows.
V. Preempting and dispelling polarization over decision-relevant science demands institutions and norms that protect the science communication environment from antagonistic meanings.

58. Five theses on perceptions of scientific consensus:
I. Citizens of diverse backgrounds and outlooks all have a positive attitude toward science.
II. Public conflicts over decision-relevant science are not rooted in a defect in science comprehension or in a disagreement over the value of science generally; they stem from considerations particular to the issues being decided.
III. A principle source of conflict over decision-relevant science is the entanglement of facts in antagonistic social meanings, which transform competing positions into badges of cultural identity.
IV. When policy-relevant facts become entangled in antagonistic social meanings, citizens don’t lose trust in science; rather, they lose the practical ability to recognize what science knows.
V. Preempting and dispelling polarization over decision-relevant science demands institutions and norms that protect the science communication environment from antagonistic meanings.

59. Five theses on perceptions of scientific consensus:
I. Citizens of diverse backgrounds and outlooks all have a positive attitude toward science.
II. Public conflicts over decision-relevant science are not rooted in a defect in science comprehension or in a disagreement over the value of science generally; they stem from considerations particular to the issues being decided.
III. A principle source of conflict over decision-relevant science is the entanglement of facts in antagonistic social meanings, which transform competing positions into badges of cultural identity.
IV. When policy-relevant facts become entangled in antagonistic social meanings, citizens don’t lose trust in science; rather, they lose the practical ability to recognize what science knows.
V. Preempting and dispelling polarization over decision-relevant science demands institutions and norms that protect the science communication environment from antagonistic meanings.

60. Five theses on perceptions of scientific consensus:
I. Citizens of diverse backgrounds and outlooks all have a positive attitude toward science.
II. Public conflicts over decision-relevant science are not rooted in a defect in science comprehension or in a disagreement over the value of science generally; they stem from considerations particular to the issues being decided.
III. A principle source of conflict over decision-relevant science is the entanglement of facts in antagonistic social meanings, which transform competing positions into badges of cultural identity.
IV. When policy-relevant facts become entangled in antagonistic social meanings, citizens don’t lose trust in science; rather, they lose the practical ability to recognize what science knows.
V. Preempting and dispelling polarization over decision-relevant science demands institutions and norms that protect the science communication environment from antagonistic meanings.

61. Five theses on perceptions of scientific consensus:
I. Citizens of diverse backgrounds and outlooks all have a positive attitude toward science.
II. Public conflicts over decision-relevant science are not rooted in a defect in science comprehension or in a disagreement over the value of science generally; they stem from considerations particular to the issues being decided.
III. A principle source of conflict over decision-relevant science is the entanglement of facts in antagonistic social meanings, which transform competing positions into badges of cultural identity.
IV. When policy-relevant facts become entangled in antagonistic social meanings, citizens don’t lose trust in science; rather, they lose the practical ability to recognize what science knows.
V. Preempting and dispelling polarization over decision-relevant science demands institutions and norms that protect the science communication environment from antagonistic meanings.

62. Five theses on perceptions of scientific consensus:
I. Citizens of diverse backgrounds and outlooks all have a positive attitude toward science.
II. Public conflicts over decision-relevant science are not rooted in a defect in science comprehension or in a disagreement over the value of science generally; they stem from considerations particular to the issues being decided.
III. A principle source of conflict over decision-relevant science is the entanglement of facts in antagonistic social meanings, which transform competing positions into badges of cultural identity.
IV. When policy-relevant facts become entangled in antagonistic social meanings, citizens don’t lose trust in science; rather, they lose the practical ability to recognize what science knows.
V. Preempting and dispelling polarization over decision-relevant science demands institutions and norms that protect the science communication environment from antagonistic meanings.

65. Five theses on perceptions of scientific consensus:
I. Citizens of diverse backgrounds and outlooks all have a positive attitude toward science.
II. Public conflicts over decision-relevant science are not rooted in a defect in science comprehension or in a disagreement over the value of science generally; they stem from considerations particular to the issues being decided.
III. A principle source of conflict over decision-relevant science is the entanglement of facts in antagonistic social meanings, which transform competing positions into badges of cultural identity.
IV. When policy-relevant facts become entangled in antagonistic social meanings, citizens don’t lose trust in science; rather, they lose the practical ability to recognize what science knows.
V. Preempting and dispelling polarization over decision-relevant science demands institutions and norms that protect the science communication environment from antagonistic meanings.

66. Five theses on perceptions of scientific consensus:
I. Citizens of diverse backgrounds and outlooks all have a positive attitude toward science.
II. Public conflicts over decision-relevant science are not rooted in a defect in science comprehension or in a disagreement over the value of science generally; they stem from considerations particular to the issues being decided.
III. A principle source of conflict over decision-relevant science is the entanglement of facts in antagonistic social meanings, which transform competing positions into badges of cultural identity.
IV. When policy-relevant facts become entangled in antagonistic social meanings, citizens don’t lose trust in science; rather, they lose the practical ability to recognize what science knows.
V. Preempting and dispelling polarization over decision-relevant science demands institutions and norms that protect the science communication environment from antagonistic meanings.

67. Five theses on perceptions of scientific consensus:
I. Citizens of diverse backgrounds and outlooks all have a positive attitude toward science.
II. Public conflicts over decision-relevant science are not rooted in a defect in science comprehension or in a disagreement over the value of science generally; they stem from considerations particular to the issues being decided.
III. A principle source of conflict over decision-relevant science is the entanglement of facts in antagonistic social meanings, which transform competing positions into badges of cultural identity.
IV. When policy-relevant facts become entangled in antagonistic social meanings, citizens don’t lose trust in science; rather, they lose the practical ability to recognize what science knows.
V. Preempting and dispelling polarization over decision-relevant science demands institutions and norms that protect the science communication environment from antagonistic meanings.

68. Five theses on perceptions of scientific consensus:
I. Citizens of diverse backgrounds and outlooks all have a positive attitude toward science.
II. Public conflicts over decision-relevant science are not rooted in a defect in science comprehension or in a disagreement over the value of science generally; they stem from considerations particular to the issues being decided.
III. A principle source of conflict over decision-relevant science is the entanglement of facts in antagonistic social meanings, which transform competing positions into badges of cultural identity.
IV. When policy-relevant facts become entangled in antagonistic social meanings, citizens don’t lose trust in science; rather, they lose the practical ability to recognize what science knows.
V. Preempting and dispelling polarization over decision-relevant science demands institutions and norms that protect the science communication environment from antagonistic meanings.

69. Five theses on perceptions of scientific consensus:
I. Citizens of diverse backgrounds and outlooks all have a positive attitude toward science.
II. Public conflicts over decision-relevant science are not rooted in a defect in science comprehension or in a disagreement over the value of science generally; they stem from considerations particular to the issues being decided.
III. A principle source of conflict over decision-relevant science is the entanglement of facts in antagonistic social meanings, which transform competing positions into badges of cultural identity.
IV. When policy-relevant facts become entangled in antagonistic social meanings, citizens don’t lose trust in science; rather, they lose the practical ability to recognize what science knows.
V. Preempting and dispelling polarization over decision-relevant science demands institutions and norms that protect the science communication environment from antagonistic meanings.

70. Five theses on perceptions of scientific consensus:
I. Citizens of diverse backgrounds and outlooks all have a positive attitude toward science.
II. Public conflicts over decision-relevant science are not rooted in a defect in science comprehension or in a disagreement over the value of science generally; they stem from considerations particular to the issues being decided.
III. A principle source of conflict over decision-relevant science is the entanglement of facts in antagonistic social meanings, which transform competing positions into badges of cultural identity.
IV. When policy-relevant facts become entangled in antagonistic social meanings, citizens don’t lose trust in science; rather, they lose the practical ability to recognize what science knows.
V. Preempting and dispelling polarization over decision-relevant science demands institutions and norms that protect the science communication environment from antagonistic meanings.

71. Cultural Cognition Worldviews
Risk Perception Key
Low Risk
High Risk
Hierarchy
Environment: climate, nuclear
Gays military/gay parenting
Marijuana legalization
Guns/Gun Control
cats/annoying varmints
HPV Vaccination
Immigration
Individualism
Communitarianism
Gays military/gay parenting
Environment: climate, nuclear
Guns/Gun Control
Marijuana legalization
HPV Vaccination
cats/annoying varmints
Immigration
Egalitarianism

72. Cultural Cognition Worldviews
Risk Perception Key
Low Risk
High Risk
Hierarchy
Climate change
Individualism
Communitarianism
climate change
Egalitarianism

73. Conservative Republican Conservative Republican
There is “solid evidence” of recent global warming due “mostly” to “human activity such as burning fossil fuels.”
Liberal Democrat
Liberal Democrat
Probability of “agree”
Conservative Republican
Conservative Republican
Data source: CCP/Annenberg Public Policy Cntr, Jan. 5-19, N = Nationally representative sample.” “Liberal Democrat” and “Conservative Republican” reflect values for predictors set to those values on 5-point ideology & 7-point party-identification items. Colored bars denote 0.95 CIs.

74. Five theses on perceptions of scientific consensus:
I. Citizens of diverse backgrounds and outlooks all have a positive attitude toward science.
II. Public conflicts over decision-relevant science are not rooted in a defect in science comprehension or in a disagreement over the value of science generally; they stem from considerations particular to the issues being decided.
III. A principle source of conflict over decision-relevant science is the entanglement of facts in antagonistic social meanings, which transform competing positions into badges of cultural identity.
IV. When policy-relevant facts become entangled in antagonistic social meanings, citizens don’t lose trust in science; rather, they lose the practical ability to recognize what science knows.
V. Preempting and dispelling polarization over decision-relevant science demands institutions and norms that protect the science communication environment from antagonistic meanings.

75. Five theses on perceptions of scientific consensus:
I. Citizens of diverse backgrounds and outlooks all have a positive attitude toward science.
II. Public conflicts over decision-relevant science are not rooted in a defect in science comprehension or in a disagreement over the value of science generally; they stem from considerations particular to the issues being decided.
III. A principle source of conflict over decision-relevant science is the entanglement of facts in antagonistic social meanings, which transform competing positions into badges of cultural identity.
IV. When policy-relevant facts become entangled in antagonistic social meanings, citizens don’t lose trust in science; rather, they lose the practical ability to recognize what science knows.
V. Preempting and dispelling polarization over decision-relevant science demands institutions and norms that protect the science communication environment from antagonistic meanings.

76. Five theses on perceptions of scientific consensus:
I. Citizens of diverse backgrounds and outlooks all have a positive attitude toward science.
II. Public conflicts over decision-relevant science are not rooted in a defect in science comprehension or in a disagreement over the value of science generally; they stem from considerations particular to the issues being decided.
III. A principle source of conflict over decision-relevant science is the entanglement of facts in antagonistic social meanings, which transform competing positions into badges of cultural identity.
IV. When policy-relevant facts become entangled in antagonistic social meanings, citizens don’t lose trust in science; rather, they lose the practical ability to recognize what science knows.
V. Preempting and dispelling polarization over decision-relevant science demands institutions and norms that protect the science communication environment from antagonistic meanings.

77. Five theses on perceptions of scientific consensus:
I. Citizens of diverse backgrounds and outlooks all have a positive attitude toward science.
II. Public conflicts over decision-relevant science are not rooted in a defect in science comprehension or in a disagreement over the value of science generally; they stem from considerations particular to the issues being decided.
III. A principle source of conflict over decision-relevant science is the entanglement of facts in antagonistic social meanings, which transform competing positions into badges of cultural identity.
IV. When policy-relevant facts become entangled in antagonistic social meanings, citizens don’t lose trust in science; rather, they lose the practical ability to recognize what science knows.
V. Preempting and dispelling polarization over decision-relevant science demands institutions and norms that protect the science communication environment from antagonistic meanings.

79. Cultural Cognition Worldviews
Risk Perception Key
Low Risk
High Risk
Hierarchy
Climate change
Nuclear waste disposal
Concealed carry bans
Individualism
Communitarianism
Climate change
Nuclear waste disposal
Concealed carry bans
Egalitarianism

80. Cultural Cognition Worldviews
Perceived Scientific Consensus:
Low Risk
High Risk
Hierarchy
Climate change
Nuclear waste disposal
Concealed carry bans
Individualism
Communitarianism
Climate change
Nuclear waste disposal
Concealed carry bans
Egalitarianism

81. Pct. Agree “The HPV vaccine is safe for use among young girls...” 80%
47%
56%
61%
71%
66%
70%
40%
50%
60%
80%
No Argument
Argument
Expected Advocate/Argument
Alignment
Unexpected Advocate/Argument
Pluralistic Advocate/Argument
61%
Pct. Agree
58%
No Argument
Balanced Argument
Expected
Argument/Advocate
Alignment
Unexpected
Argument/Advocate
Alignment

82. Factual polarization Global warming Private gun ownership Fracking

83. Factual polarization is not normal
Global warming
Private gun ownership
Fracking
Global warming
Private gun ownership
Fracking

84. Factual polarization is not normal
Global warming
Private gun ownership
Fracking
Medical x-ray
Flouridation
Raw Milk
Synthetic beef hormones
GM Foods
Nanotechnology

85. Factual polarization is not normal
Global warming
Private gun ownership
Fracking
Medical x-ray
Raw Milk
Synthetic beef hormones
GM Foods
Nanotechnology

86. Factual polarization is
Global warming
Private gun ownership
Fracking
Global warming
Private gun ownership
Fracking

87. Factual polarization is pathological
Global warming
Private gun ownership
Fracking
Global warming
Private gun ownership
Fracking

88. Factual polarization = polluted communication environment
Global warming
Private gun ownership
Fracking
Global warming
Private gun ownership
Fracking

90. Five theses on perceptions of scientific consensus:
I. Citizens of diverse backgrounds and outlooks all have a positive attitude toward science.
II. Public conflicts over decision-relevant science are not rooted in a defect in science comprehension or in a disagreement over the value of science generally; they stem from considerations particular to the issues being decided.
III. A principle source of conflict over decision-relevant science is the entanglement of facts in antagonistic social meanings, which transform competing positions into badges of cultural identity.
IV. When policy-relevant facts become entangled in antagonistic social meanings, citizens don’t lose trust in science; rather, they lose the practical ability to recognize what science knows.
V. Preempting and dispelling polarization over decision-relevant science demands institutions and norms that protect the science communication environment from antagonistic meanings.

91. Five theses on perceptions of scientific consensus:
I. Citizens of diverse backgrounds and outlooks all have a positive attitude toward science.
II. Public conflicts over decision-relevant science are not rooted in a defect in science comprehension or in a disagreement over the value of science generally; they stem from considerations particular to the issues being decided.
III. A principle source of conflict over decision-relevant science is the entanglement of facts in antagonistic social meanings, which transform competing positions into badges of cultural identity.
IV. When policy-relevant facts become entangled in antagonistic social meanings, citizens don’t lose trust in science; rather, they lose the practical ability to recognize what science knows.
V. Preempting and dispelling polarization over decision-relevant science demands institutions and norms that protect the science communication environment from antagonistic meanings.

92. Five theses on perceptions of scientific consensus:
I. Citizens of diverse backgrounds and outlooks all have a positive attitude toward science.
II. Public conflicts over decision-relevant science are not rooted in a defect in science comprehension or in a disagreement over the value of science generally; they stem from considerations particular to the issues being decided.
III. A principle source of conflict over decision-relevant science is the entanglement of facts in antagonistic social meanings, which transform competing positions into badges of cultural identity.
IV. When policy-relevant facts become entangled in antagonistic social meanings, citizens don’t lose trust in science; rather, they lose the practical ability to recognize what science knows.
V. Preempting and dispelling polarization over decision-relevant science demands institutions and norms that protect the science communication environment from antagonistic meanings.

93. HPV vaccine . . .
. . . HBV vaccine

94. HPV vaccine . . .
. . . HBV vaccine

96. What’s next? Zika? . . .

97. What’s next? childhood vaccines? . . . .

98. The science communication environment as public good

99. www. culturalcognition.net
“I am you!” 99