1. International Negotiation & strategy: theory&practice
HOW TO PROMOTE COOPERATION? Axelrod – The Evolution of Cooperation (chapter 7)
International Negotiation & strategy: theory&practice
Professor: Jasper Kim
Student: Mujinga-Tshibanda
(IES09231)
Ewha Woman’s University

2. Introduction - Overview
HOW TO PROMOTE COOPERATION?
TEACH SKILLS,VALUES AND FACTS THAT WILL PROMOTE COOPERATION
ENLARGE THE SHADOW OF THE FUTURE °
CHANGE THE PAYOFFS
METTRE CHANGE THE INCENTIVE OU PAS???? je ne pense pas;;;
FREQUENCE
RECOGNTION ABILITIES
DURABILITY
RECIPROCITY

3. Enlarge the shadow of the future
Axelrod - The Evolution of cooperation - Chapter 7: HOW TO PROMOTE COOPERATION?
Enlarge the shadow of the future

4. Illustration: The prisoner’s dilemma(1)
Situation I :
Payoffs:
Cooperate ( c) Non-Cooparate (N-C) C
N-C
Shadow of the future is not so great
Uncertainity of the existence of a future interaction
Given benefit today is preffered to waiting for the same benefit tomorrow II
3 ; 3
0 ; 5
If you alternate cooperation&defection you’ll get the best outcome… I
5 ; 0
1 ; 1
EXPLIQUER W = facteur qui exprime l’importance qu’a le futur sur le présent  plus ce nombre est élevé, the shadow of the future is great…
HOW TO PROMOTE COOPERATION
ENLARGE THE SHADOW OF THE FUTURE
CHANGE THE PAY OFF
TEACHING SKILLS , VALUES & FACTS
DURABILITY
FREQUENCE
RECIPROCITY
RECOGNITION

5. Illustration: The prisoner’s dilemma(2)
Situation II :
Payoffs:
C N-C C
N-C
Shadow of the future is great II
3 ; 3
0 ; 5 I
If you always cooperate you’ll win
5 ; 0
1 ; 1
EXPLIQUER W
HOW TO PROMOTE COOPERATION
ENLARGE THE SHADOW OF THE FUTURE
CHANGE THE PAY OFF
TEACHING SKILLS , VALUES & FACTS
DURABILITY
FREQUENCE
RECIPROCITY
RECOGNITION

6. What do we learn? Situation I: Situation II: Why?
As the shadow of the future become smaller, it stops paying to be cooperative with another player even if the other player will reciprocate your cooperation…
If it does pay for you to cooperate, it doesn’t pay for the other player to cooperate either…
Situation II:
Cooperation is the best way to get the best outcome
Why?
Possibility to use an implicit threat of retailiation against the other ‘s defection if the interaction will last long enough to make the threat effective
No form of cooperation is stable when the future is not important enough relative to the present
To encourage cooperation ?
ENLARGE THE SHADOW OF THE FUTURE
HOW TO PROMOTE COOPERATION
PROMOTING COOPERATION
ENLARGE THE SHADOW OF THE FUTURE
SHADOW OF THE FUTURE
CHANGE THE PAY OFF
CHANGE THE PAY OFF
TEACHING SKILLS , VALUES & FACTS
TEACHING
DURABILITY
DURABILITY
FREQUENCE
RECIPROCITY
RECOGNITION

7. Enlarge the shadow of the future...How?
Making the interactions more DURABLE OR
Making the interactions more FREQUENT:
Exple: to keep the players from the others…
Regrouper ce slide avec le slide suivant et oter les termes dans la structure
HOW TO PROMOTE COOPERATION
PROMOTING COOPERATION
ENLARGE THE SHADOW OF THE FUTURE
SHADOW OF THE FUTURE
CHANGE THE PAY OFF
CHANGE THE PAY OFF
TEACHING SKILLS , VALUES & FACTS
TEACHING
DURABILITY
RECIPROCITY
RECOGNITION

8. Axelrod - The Evolution of cooperation - Chapter 7: HOW TO PROMOTE COOPERATION?
Change the payoffs

9. ENLARGE THE SHADOW OF THE FUTURE
WHY?
Change the effective payoffs
The choice of defection becomes less attractive
Illustration: The primary fonction of the government
Notice: Not necessary to make large changes in the payoff structure to promote cooperation°
* Tension between long run incentive to cooperation & short run incentive to defection may still exist…long term incentive to cooperation just needs to be greater than the short term incentive to defection
HOW TO PROMOTE COOPERATION
PROMOTING COOPERATION
ENLARGE THE SHADOW OF THE FUTURE
SHADOW OF THE FUTURE
CHANGE THE PAY OFF
CHANGE THE PAY OFF
TEACHING SKILLS , VALUES & FACTS
TEACHING
DURABILITY
RECIPROCITY
RECOGNITION

10. Teach skills, values & facts that will promote cooperation
Axelrod - The Evolution of cooperation - Chapter 7: HOW TO PROMOTE COOPERATION?
Teach skills, values & facts that will promote cooperation

11. From altruism to reciprocity…
In a society: Teaching people to care about the welfare of each other = excellent way to promote cooperation
ALTRUISM (utility positively affected by the welfare of the others) make the choice easier…
BUT… imagine a society with 90% of altruists and 10% selfish…PROBLEM! °
The cost of altruism can be controlled by using RECIPROCITY° as a basis for cooperation
* It is unfair because the selfish doesn’t pay the cost of the altruists but receive something freely…  introduction to reciprocity to control the cost of altruism: first of all I’m altruist and then I show altruism to those who show me similar feelings…
** reciprocity imply that 1) first show altruism to everyone 2) keep on only if the other player show the similar feelings
HOW TO PROMOTE COOPERATION ?
PROMOTING COOPERATION
ENLARGE THE SHADOW OF THE FUTURE
CHANGE THE PAY OFF
CHANGE THE PAY OFF
TEACHING SKILLS? VALUES & FACTS
RECIPROCITY
RECOGNITION

12. Morality or Reciprocity?
Moral standard golden rule:
« Do unto others as you would have them do unto you »
Since cooperation is what you want from the other player, you should always cooperate? NO°…
Reciprocity is much better  it’s good for both players:
Exploitative strategies will be hard to survive
Reward for mutual cooperation
A moral person can’t do much better…
Tit for tat strategy° express the reciprocity…but still trouble°
 90% of tit for that is a better strategy°
*Lead to unconditional cooperation which could lead to your exploitation by the other player…
** strategy that express the reciprocity principle… you don’t get the best performance but you elect cooperation from the other player…
*** when a feud starts it can continue indefinitely
**** it is rough justice but in a world of egoist without central authority, it does have the virtue to promote it’s own welfare and the welfare of the others.
HOW TO PROMOTE COOPERATION ?
PROMOTING COOPERATION
ENLARGE THE SHADOW OF THE FUTURE
CHANGE THE PAY OFF
CHANGE THE PAY OFF
TEACHING SKILLS? VALUES & FACTS
RrRr
RECIPROCITY
RECONGITION

13. Improve Recognition Abilities
Recognize the player from the past interactions
Remember the relevant futures of those interactions
Sustain cooperation (by the use of reciprocity )
And allow to encourage the other player to cooperate
HOW TO PROMOTE COOPERATION ?
PROMOTING COOPERATION
ENLARGE THE SHADOW OF THE FUTURE
CHANGE THE PAY OFF
CHANGE THE PAY OFF
TEACHING SKILLS? VALUES & FACTS
RECIPROCITY
RECONGITION

14. Summary Factors allows to promote cooperation:
Enlarge the shadow of the future (Durability or frequence)
Change the payoffs (not necessary to change the tension between the short term incentive to defect and the long term incentive to cooperate)
Applying the reciprocity principle

15. Personnal opinion
I agree with this theory, but is it as easy as it seems? Lets try a game…
JEU = situation 1, « dilemme du prisonnier court terme »
Situation 2, chgt des payoffs – longue durée

16. GAME : FALCON or DOVE?
Two countries want to exploit a territory with natural ressources. Each one can either choose to act like a falcon or like a dove:
If both countries choose to act like a dove, they’ll share the territory;
If one of the two acts like a falcon, the other nation give up the territory to the « falcon » nation;
If both countries act like a falcon, the war will be on and will have bad consequences on people;
What would you do (as a country) if you know that you can try to conquer the territory every 5 years for a period of 40 years (countries will have to wait 50 years to be able to exploit the territory again)?
JEU = situation 1, « dilemme du prisonnier court terme »
Situation 2, chgt des payoffs – longue durée
Abandon du territoire en premier = dilemme du prisonnier
Guerre en premier
Paix en premier

17. Thank you! Any questions?
Axelrod - The Evolution of cooperation - Chapter 7: HOW TO PROMOTE COOPERATION?
Thank you!
Any questions?