1. Chapter 6: The Byzantine & Islamic Empires
I. The Byzantine Civilization

2. The Rise of “New Rome” Constantinople Dedicated in 330
Important commercial center
Political and religious center
Capital of Eastern Roman Empire

3. The Rise of “New Rome” Constantinople
One of the five major patriarchates
Withstood barbarian threats
Maintained many traditions and structures of ancient Rome

4. The Reign of Justinian Justinian (r. 527-65) Theodora Nika Revolt
Wanted to restore the greatness of the Roman Empire

5. The Reign of Justinian Justinian (r. 527-65)
Military campaigns recovered much of the Roman territory
Preservation of Roman law
Justinian Code
Golden age of Byzantine culture

6. The Reign of Justinian Justinian (r. 527-65)
Extensive building program
To restore grandeur of ancient Rome
Public works
Art
Hagia Sophia

7. The Reign of Justinian Justinian (r. 527-65) Problems
Neglected defense of empire’s northern and eastern borders
Financial drain

8. Eastern & Western Churches Separate
Rome
Eastern Orthodox Church
Also called Byzantine Church
Constantinople
State church

9. Eastern & Western Churches Separate
Issues
Easter
Whether priests should marry
Icons
Authority of popes and patriarchs

10. The Empire Under Siege Barbarian attacks Arab Muslim attacks
Constantinople withstood
Defensible location
Strong fortifications
“Greek fire”

11. The Empire Under Siege 850-1050
Period of recovered strength and prosperity
Basil II
Merchants and missionaries

12. The Empire Under Siege Growth of commercial rivals Seljuk Turks
Venice
Seljuk Turks
The Crusades
Crusaders sack Constantinople in 1204

13. The Empire Under Siege
Empire ended in 1453
Ottoman Turks

14. Byzantine Contributions
Shielded the West against the spread of Islam
Preserved classical heritage of Greece and Rome
Influence on other peoples

15. Byzantine Contributions
Byzantine missionaries
Written Slavic language
Art and architecture
Mosaic
Churches
Domed structures

16. Chapter 6: The Byzantine & Islamic Empires
II. Early Russia

17. Beginnings Three groups of Slavs Varangians Rurik West Slavs
Yugo-Slavs
East Slavs
Ancestors of Russians
Varangians
Rurik

18. Beginnings
Kiev
Area under its influence became known as Russia
Rus

19. Byzantine Cultural Influences
Adoption of Eastern Orthodoxy in 988 by Vladimir I
Slavic alphabet
Art
Cathedrals
The “onion-shaped” dome

20. Height of Kievan Russia
Yaroslav “the Wise” ( )
“Mother of Russian cities”
International recognition

21. Height of Kievan Russia
Prosperous center of commerce
Declining influence
Fighting among Yaroslav’s heirs
New commercial centers
Tartars destroyed Kiev in 1240

22. Chapter 6: The Byzantine & Islamic Empires
III. The Islamic Civilization

23. The Land of Arabia Uninviting climate Ishmael Tribal loyalties
Bedouins
Cities and trade routes along coast

24. The Founding of Islam Muhammad
Claimed to be last & greatest of the prophets of Allah
Islam
“Submission”
Muslims
“Submitters to Allah”
Early life

25. The Founding of Islam The Messenger of Allah Visions Mecca
Few early followers
Kaaba
Black Stone

26. The Founding of Islam The Flight to Medina Hegira (“Flight”)
Year 1 in Muslim calendar
Accepted in Medina as spiritual, military, and political leader
Advanced his views by force

27. The Founding of Islam The Flight to Medina
Returned to Mecca in triumph
Established Mecca as the “holy city” of his religious system

28. The Teachings of Islam The Qur’an
Muslims believe Gabriel revealed it to Muhammad through dreams and visions
114 chapters (suras)
Belief in one God
Muhammad is last and greatest prophet

29. The Teachings of Islam The Qur’an Moral teachings
Some similarities with Bible
Rejects doctrine of Trinity
Denies Jesus Christ is the Son of God

30. The Teachings of Islam The Five Pillars
Shahadah must be regularly recited
Salat: recitation of prayers daily while facing Mecca
Zakat: giving of alms to the poor

31. The Teachings of Islam The Five Pillars
Sawm: fast during the month of Ramadan
Hajj: pilgrimage to Mecca

32. The Teachings of Islam Contradictions of Islam:
Jesus is praised as a prophet of God, but much of what He claimed is rejected
It is denied that Jesus died on the cross, so there is no basis for forgiveness

33. The Spread of Islam Caliphs Abu Bakr
The first four were friends of Muhammad
Initiated a policy of military conquest

34. The Spread of Islam Conquered successfully Escape from poverty
Byzantine and Persian Empires had become weak
United warring Arab tribes around a common cause
Jihad

35. The Spread of Islam Umayyad Caliphate 661-750
Moved capital to Damascus
Hereditary dynasty
Continued expansion
Stopped at Battle of Tours
From Spain to India

36. The Spread of Islam Abbasid Caliphate 750-ca. 1000
Arab supremacy gradually declined
Peak of Muslim empire
Capital moved to Baghdad
Became a commercial center

37. The Spread of Islam The Turks and the Crusades
Seljuk Turks entered Muslim territory
Reunited much of the former Arab empire
Took control of Asia Minor from Byzantine Empire

38. The Spread of Islam The Turks and the Crusades
Crusades formed to free Palestine from Muslim Turks
Weakened the Seljuks
Seljuk Empire ended by Mongols
Ottoman Empire

39. Muslim Culture Contributions
Blended many cultural influences
Persian influences
Trade and trade routes
New products and ideas
Preservation of manuscripts

40. Muslim Culture Contributions
Medicine
Galen and Hippocrates
al-Rāzi and Ibn Sina
Surgical skills
Pharmacies

41. Muslim Culture Contributions
Literature
Omar Khayyam
Rubaiyat
The Thousand and One Nights
Mathematics

42. Muslim Culture Contributions
Art and Architecture
Representation of men and animals was forbidden
Abstract designs
Calligraphy
Mosques