1. Explain how Egypt united into a kingdom.
Objectives
Summarize the effect of geography on the development of Egyptian culture.
Explain how Egypt united into a kingdom.
Describe ancient Egyptian religion, social structure, and technology.
Explain the decline of the Old Kingdom.
Describe the impact of geography on the Indus Valley culture.
Describe Indus Valley cities and culture.
List theories about the decline of the Indus Valley civilization.
Procedure: 2.2,3
Bell Ringer: “What could archeologists learn about our culture from looking at our artifacts?”
Lecture/Discussion
Homework Review
Homework:
Read Chapter 2.4, 3.1 and answer the questions at the end of each section. (1-5)
Guided Reading 2.2,3

3. Chapter 2 Section 2 Pyramids on the Nile
Using mathematical knowledge and engineering skills, Egyptians build magnificent monuments to honor dead rulers.

4. The Geography of Egypt Egypt’s Settlements The Gift of the Nile
Arise along the 4,100-mile Nile River on narrow strip of fertile land
The Gift of the Nile
Yearly flooding brings water and fertile black mud—silt
Farmers build irrigation system for wheat and barley crops
Egyptians worship Nile as a god

7. The Geography of Egypt Environmental Challenges
Light floods reduce crops, cause starvation
Heavy floods destroy property; deserts isolate and protect Egyptians
Upper Egypt and Lower Egypt
River area south of the First Cataract is elevated, becomes Upper Egypt
Cataract—where boulders turn Nile River into churning rapids
River area north, including Nile delta, becomes Lower Egypt
Delta—land formed by silt deposits at mouth of river; triangular

9. Egypt Unites into a Kingdom
King Narmer Creates Egyptian Dynasty
Villages of Egypt ruled by two kingdomes—Lower Egypt, Upper Egypt
King Narmer unites them around 3000 B.C. (1); makes Memphis capital
Establishes first Egyptian dynasty
Pharaohs Rule as Gods
To the Egyptians, kings are gods (2); Egyptian god- kings called pharaohs
Pharaohs control religion, government, army, well- being of kingdom
Government based on religious authority--theocracy

10. Egypt Unites into a Kingdom
Builders of the Pyramids
Kings believed to rule even after death; have eternal life force, ka
Build elaborate tombs, pyramids, to meet needs after death (3)
Pyramids made with blocks of stone, 2-15 tons each; 481 ft. high
Kingdom had leadership, government; economically strong
(Interactive)

12. Egyptian Culture Religion and Life
Egyptians believe in 2,000 gods and goddesses—polytheistic (4)
Re is sun god; Osiris, god of the dead; goddess Isis is ideal woman
Believe in life after death; person judged by deeds at death
Develop mummification, process that prevents body from decaying
Book of the Dead contains prayers and spells, guides soul after death

15. Life in Egyptian Society
Social Classes
Society shaped like pyramid, from pharaoh down to farmers, laborers
Few people at top have great power; most people at bottom (5)
People move into higher social classes through marriage or merit
Women have man of the same rights as men
Egyptian Writing
In hieroglyphics writing system, pictures represent ideas (7)
Paper like sheets made from papyrus reeds used for writing

17. Life in Egyptian Society
Egyptian Science and Technology
Egyptians invent calendar of 365 days and 12 months
Develop system of written numbers and a form of geometry
Skilled engineers and architects construct palaces, pyramids (6)
Egyptian medicine famous in the ancient world

18. Invaders Control Egypt
Changes to Egyptian Society
Power of pharaohs declines about 2180 B.C.; end of the Old Kingdom
In Middle Kingdom (2040 to 1640 B.C.), some pharaohs regain control
Improve trade, dig canal from Nile to Red Sea, drain swamps for farms
Hyksos move into Egypt from Palestine; rule from 1630 to 1523 B.C.

20. Chapter 2 Section 3 Planned Cities on the Indus
The first Indian civilization builds well-planned cities on the banks of the Indus River.

21. The Geography of the Indian Subcontinent
Subcontinent—landmass that includes India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh
World’s tallest mountain ranges separate it from rest of Asia (G)
Rivers, Mountains, and Plains
Mountains to north, desert to east, protect Indus Valley from invasion
Indus and Ganges rivers form flat, fertile plain—the Indo-Gangetic (G)
Southern India, a dry plateau flanked by mountains
Narrow strip of tropical land along coast

23. The Geography of the Indian Subcontinent
Monsoons (G)
Seasonal winds—monsoons—dominate India’s climate
Winter winds are dry; summer winds bring rain—can cause flooding
Environmental Challenges
Floods along the Indus unpredictable; river can change course
Rainfall unpredictable; could have droughts or floods

25. Civilization Emerges on the Indus
Indus Valley Civilization
Influenced an area larger than Mesopootamia or Egypt
Earliest Arrivals
About 7000 B.C., evidence of agriculture and domesticated animals
By 3200 B.C., peope farming in villages along Indus River

27. Civilization Emerges on the Indus
Planned Cities
By 2500 B.C., people build cities of brick laid out on a grid system (S)
Engineers create plumbing and sewage systems (S)
Indus Valley called Harappan civilization after Harappa, a city

29. Civilization Emerges on the Indus
Harappan Planning
City built on mud-brick platform to protect against flood waters
Brick walls protect city and citadel—central buildings of the city
Streets in grid system are 30 feet wide
Lanes separate rows of houses (which featured bathrooms)

30. Harappan Culture Language Culture
Had writing system of 400 symbols, but scientists can’t decipher it
Culture
Harappan cities appear uniform in culture; no great social divisions
Animals important to the culture (R); toys suggest prosperity

32. Harappan Culture Role of Religion Trade
Priests closely linked to rulers (R)
Some religious artifacts reveal links to modern Hindu culture
Trade
Had thriving trade with other peoples, including in Mesopotamia (E)

33. Indus Valley Culture Ends
Harappan Decline
Signs of decline begin around 1750 B.C.
Earthquakes, floods, soil depletion may have caused decline
Around 1500 B.C., Aryans enter area and become dominant

34. Explain how Egypt united into a kingdom.
Objectives
Summarize the effect of geography on the development of Egyptian culture.
Explain how Egypt united into a kingdom.
Describe ancient Egyptian religion, social structure, and technology.
Explain the decline of the Old Kingdom.
Describe the impact of geography on the Indus Valley culture.
Describe Indus Valley cities and culture.
List theories about the decline of the Indus Valley civilization.
Procedure: 2.2,3
Bell Ringer: “What could archeologists learn about our culture from looking at our artifacts?”
Lecture/Discussion
Homework Review
Homework:
Read Chapter 2.4, 3.1 and answer the questions at the end of each section. (1-5)
Guided Reading 2.2,3

35. Delta

36. Marshy area at the mouth of a river

37. Narmer

38. King of Upper Egypt who united Upper and Lower Egypt

39. Pharaoh

40. Egyptian ruler thought of as a god

41. Theocracy

42. Government in which the ruler is considered to be a divine figure

43. Pyramid

44. Resting place for Egyptian kings after death

45. Mummification

46. Process by which a body is preserved after death

47. Hieroglyphics

48. Egyptian writing system

49. Papyrus

50. Plant used to make a paper-like material

51. Egyptian Achievements
Pyramids
Mummification
Hieroglyphic
Written numbers
Calendars
Medicine

52. 3. How did being surrounded by deserts benefit Egypt?

53. The deserts shut out invaders; spared Egyptians from constant warfare.

54. 4. How did the Egyptians view the pharaoh?

55. They viewed the pharaoh as a god who had full responsibility for the kingdom.

56. 5. Why did Egyptians mummify bodies?

57. Bodies were mummified to preserve them for the afterlife.

58. Subcontinent

59. Land mass that is a distinct part of a continent

60. Monsoon

61. Seasonal wind

62. Harappan civilization

63. Ancient settlements in the Indus River Valley

64. Indus Valley
Cities
Central planning
Advanced plumbing
Sewage systems
Language
Written with symbols and phonetic sounds
Trade
Thriving trade by river, overland, and sea
Conclusion: The Indus Valley civilization had a high level of culture and organization.

65. 3. What problems can monsoons cause?

66. They can dump excessive rain, causing flood damage, or they may not come, causing crop failures.

67. 4. How were the planned cities of the Indus Valley different from other early cities?

68. They were laid out on a grid and had sewers; other cities had winding streets and lacked sewers.

69. 5. What reasons are suggested for the disappearance of the Indus Valley civilization?

70. Tectonic plate shifts altered the course of rivers, which changed agriculture and trade.