2. Microscopic (Eukaryotic cells are at least 10x bigger) Unicellular
Characteristics
Prokaryotes
Microscopic (Eukaryotic cells are at least 10x bigger)
Unicellular
DNA is a single circular piece of DNA (nucleoid)
Metabolism
Aerobic
Anaerobic
Facultative anaerobe

3. Asexual Reproduction Binary Fission (high mutation rate)
Genetic Exchange
Conjugation –transfer DNA through contact
Transformation – acquire DNA from dead bacteria (environment)
Transduction – DNA is transferred from one bacteria to another using a virus (genetic engineering)
Transposable elements
Insertion sequences (only in bacteria); a single gene for transposase and flanking inverted repeats; can cause mutations
Transposons “selfish DNA”; make copies of themselves which are randomly inserted into genome; some end up making partial copies of other genes as well; ½ of human genome

4. Structure Pilus (Pili)- allows them to adhere to surfaces
Flagellum – movement
Cell Wall – Made of peptidoglycan; Used in medicine to identify type of bacterium using Gram Stain (pg. 463)

5. Gram Stain (pg. 529)
Gram -  less peptidoglycan, outer membrane contains lipopolysaccharides which are often toxic and provides additional protection  more resistant to antibiotics
Gram +  simple walls, large amount of peptidoglycan
Many antibiotics (penicillins) inhibit synthesis of cross links in peptidoglycan and prevent formation of a functional wall

6. Gram Positive Organisms
Aerobic, Gram-positive cocci
Staphylococcus aureus (fig 1, 2, 3, 4)
Staphylococcus epidermidis (fig 1)
Staphylococcus sp. (Coagulase-negative)(fig 1)
Streptococcus pneumoniae (Viridans group)(fig 1, 2, 3)
Streptococcus agalactiae (group B)(fig 1)
Streptococcus pyogenes (group A)(fig 1, 2)
Enterococcus sp.(fig 1, 2, 3 )
Aerobic, Gram-positive rods
Bacillus anthracis (fig 1, 2 )
Bacillus cereus (fig 1, 2)
Bifidobacterium bifidum (fig 1)
Lactobacillus sp. (fig 1, 2)
Listeria monocytogenes (fig 1, 2)
Nocardia sp.(fig 1, 2)
Rhodococcus equi (coccobacillus)(fig 1)
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae (fig 1)
Corynebacterium diptheriae (fig 1, 2)
Propionibacterium acnes (fig 1)
Anaerobic, Gram-positive rods
Actinomyces sp. (fig 1, 2)
Clostridium botulinum (fig 1)
Clostridium difficile (fig 1)
Clostridium perfringens (fig 1, 2, 3)
Clostridium tetani (fig 1, 2)
Anaerobic, Gram-positive cocci
Peptostreptococcus sp. (fig 1)

7. Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans (fig 1)
Gram Negative Organisms
Aerobic, Gram-negative cocci
Neisseria gonorrhoeae (fig 1, 2, 3, 4)
Neisseria meningitidis (fig 1; false color of the bacterium., 2)
Moraxella catarrhalis (fig 1)
Anaerobic, Gram-negative cocci
Veillonella sp. (fig 1)
Aerobic, Gram-negative rods
Fastidious, Gram-negative rods
Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans (fig 1)
Acinetobacter baumannii(fig 1 really A. calcoaceticus)
Bordetella pertussis (fig 1, 2)
Brucella sp. (fig 1)
Campylobacter sp.(fig 1)
Capnocytophaga sp.(fig 1, 2)
Cardiobacterium hominis (fig 1)
Eikenella corrodens (fig 1)
Francisella tularensis (fig 1,)
Haemophilus ducreyi (fig 1, 2)
Haemophilus influenzae (fig 1, 2)
Helicobacter pylori (fig 1, 2, 3, 4)
Kingella kingae (fig )
Legionella pneumophila (fig 1, 2, 3)
Pasteurella multocida (fig 1)
Enterobacteriaceae (glucose-fermenting Gram-negative rods)
Citrobacter sp. (fig 1)
Enterobacter sp. (fig 1)
Escherichia coli (fig 1, 2)
Klebsiella pneumoniae (fig 1, 2)
Proteus sp. (fig 1)
Salmonella enteriditis (fig 1)
Salmonella typhi (fig 1)
Serratia marcescens (fig 1, 2)
Shigella sp. (fig 1)
Yersinia enterocolitica (fig 1)
Yersinia pestis (fig 1, 2)
Oxidase-positive, glucose-fermenting Gram-negative rods
Aeromonas sp. (fig 1)
Plesiomonas shigelloides (fig 1)
Vibrio cholerae (fig 1, 2)
Vibrio parahaemolyticus (fig 1)
Vibrio vulnificus (fig 1)
Glucose-nonfermenting, Gram-negative rods
Acinetobacter sp. (fig 1)
Flavobacterium sp. (fig 1)
Pseudomonas aeruginosa (fig 1, 2)
Burkholderia cepacia (fig 1)
Burkholderia pseudomallei (fig 1)
Xanthomonas maltophilia or Stenotrophomonas maltophila(fig 1)
Anaerobic, Gram-negative rods
Bacteroides fragilis (fig 1)
Bacteroides sp. (fig 1)
Prevotella sp. (fig 1)
Fusobacterium sp. (fig 1, 2)
Gram-negative spiral
Spirillum minus (minor)- (fig 1)

8. Nutrition Autotrophic Heterotrophic Photosynthetic
Chemoautotrophic (nitrogen fixers)
Heterotrophic
Decomposer
Parasitic
(Treponema pallidum)

9. Survival of the Fittest!!!
Bacteria have been around for 3.5 billion years!! How????
Cell Walls
Capsules (surrounds cell wall)
Endospores : allow them to withstand drought, high temps., lack of food, etc.
Super fast reproduction
Asexual Reproduction, but can still acquire other genes
Plasmids – small circular piece of DNA that can replicate on it’s own (bacteria & yeast)
Inhabit every place on Earth

10. Classification Arrangements Shapes Strept : Chains Staph : Clusters
Diplo : Pairs
Shapes
Coccus : Spheres
Bacillus : Rods
Spirillum : Spirals

11. Importance to Humans??? Bacteria are used to make food
Pickles, buttermilk, cheese, sauerkraut, olives, vinegar, sourdough bread, beer, wine
Bacteria can produce chemicals
Acetone, Butanol
Important Recyclers in environment
Nitrogen cycle
Bacteria can help clean up chemical spills
Bacteria are used to produce medicines
Insulin
Bacteria cause disease
Produce toxins (Clostridium botulinum)
Metabolize their host (Mycobacterium tuberculosis)

12. Disease
Symptoms
Bacterium
Trasmission
Bubonic plague
Fever, buboes, often fatal
Yersinia pestis
Bite from infected flea
Cholera
Severe diarrhea & vomiting; fatal
Vibrio cholerae
Contaminated Water
Cavities
Destruction of minerals in tooth
Streptococcus mutans
Collection of bacteria in mouth
Lyme Disease
Rash, pain, swelling in joints
Borrelia burgdorferi
Bite from infected tick
Chlamydia
Painful urination, discharge, abdominal pain
Chlamydia trachomatis
Sexual contact
Gonorrhea
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Syphilis
Chancres, fever, rash
Treponema pallidum

13. Bacteria respond to environmental change by regulating their gene expression
Repressible operons (Tryptophan)
Gene expression is in “ON” position and is turned “OFF” by a molecule binding allosterically or a regulatory protein
Inducible operons (Lactose)
Gene expression is in “OFF” position and is turned “ON” by a molecule interacting with a regulatory protein

16. Internet Resources Life History and Ecology of Bacteria Bacteria
CELLS alive! Table of Contents
archaebacteria