1. History of Health Care

2. 4000 BC – 3000 BC Primitive Times
Illness and diseases were a punishment from the Gods
witch doctors-drove out evil spirits
Herbs and plants used as medicines
Used trephining (treat insanity, headache)
Average life span was 20 years

3. *Primitive times 4000 B.C.-3000 B.C.
Questions for discussion:
If you had a stomach ache and chills during primitive times, would you tell someone? Why or Why not?
What do you think were the complications of trepanation?

4. 3000 BC – 300 BC Ancient Egyptians
Physicians were priests
Bloodletting or leeches used
First to record health records
Average life span was years

5. Question for Discussion:
*Egyptians 3000 B.C. – 300 B.C
Question for Discussion:
Why do you think the Egyptians used leeches, and what do you suspect was the result?

6. 1700 BC – AD 220 Ancient Chinese
Believed in the need to treat the whole body by treating mind, body, and spirit.
Medications based mainly on the use of herbs
Used acupuncture
Began to search for medical reasons for illness
Average life span was years

7. 1200 BC –200 BC Ancient Greeks
First to observe the human body and the effects of disease – “founders of modern medical sciences”.
Believed illness is a result of natural causes
First to require licensing of physicians
Used therapies such as massage and herbal treatment
Average life span was years

8. 753 BC – AD 410 Ancient Romans
Created first hospitals to organize medical care by providing care for injured soldiers.
First public health by building sewers and aquaducts
Built sanitation systems to prevent disease
Life span was years

9. AD 400 – AD 800 Dark Ages
Emphasis on saving the soul--study of medicine was prohibited
Prayer was used to treat illness & disease
Monks and priests provided custodial care for ill people
Medications were mainly herbal mixtures
Average life span was years

10. AD 800 – AD Middle Ages
Renewed interest in medical practices of Greek and Romans
Bubonic Plague killed 75% of population in Europe and Asia
Major diseases included smallpox, diptheria, tuberculosis, typhoid, the plague, and malaria
Average life span was years

11. AD 1350 – AD Renaissance
Known as the “rebirth of the science of medicine”
Dissection of body led to increased understanding of anatomy and physiology
Invention of printing press
First anatomy book
Average life span was years

12. 16th and 17th Centuries Leading cause of death from infections
Invention of the microscope and discovery that disease was caused by microorganisms.
Apothecaries (early pharmicists) made, prescribed, and sold medications
Average life span years

13. *The 16th and 17th century Learned to bind arteries to stop bleeding.
Used boiling oil to cauterize wounds.

14. *The 16th and 17th century Improved splinting of fractures.
Artificial limbs were developed.

15. 18th Century Gabriel Fahrenheit created the first mercury thermometer
scientific surgical procedures
Benjamin Franklin invented bifocals
Average life span years

16. 19th Century
Discoveries of microorganisms, anesthesia, and vaccinations
Infection control developed
Formal training for nurses began
Women became active participants in health care
Average life span years

17. 20th Century Role of blood in the body ABO blood groups discovered
New medications were developed
Insulin: treat diabetes
Antibiotics: fight infection
Vaccines developed
New machines developed
Kidney Dialysis Machine
Heart Lung Machine

19. 20th Century (continued)
Organ Transplants
Test tube babies
Implanted first artificial heart
Medicare and Medicaid: to ensure everyone had healthcare.
Hospice organized

20. 21st Century The first totally implantable artificial heart
The Netherlands first country in the world to legalize euthanasia
The Human Genome Project to identify all 20,000 to 25,000 genes in the body
Stem cell research

21. 21st Century
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) went into effect
Vaccinations for cervical cancer and shingles
Average life span years

22. Potential for Beyond Cures for AIDS, cancer, and heart disease
Nerves in the brain and spinal cord are regenerated to prevent paralysis
Average life span years

23. Current Trends in Health Care

24. Cost Containment Cost of health care is rising due to:
Technological advances
Aging population
Health-related lawsuits
Cost Containment measures include:
Combination of services
Outpatient services
Mass or bulk purchasing
Early intervention and preventive services

25. Specialized health care facilities include:
Home health care
Hospice care (terminally ill)
Geriatric care (elderly)
Telemedicine

26. Emphasis on promoting wellness of the whole individual: “Holistic Health”
Physical wellness
Emotional wellness
Social wellness
Mental and intellectual wellness
Spiritual Wellness

27. Individual Contributions

28. Hippocrates (460 – 377 BC)
Greek physician “Father of Medicine”
“Hippocratic Oath”
Believed illness was not caused
by evil spirits

29. Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723)
Invented the microscope lens to see organisms
Scraped his teeth
and observed the
bacteria that
causes tooth
decay

30. Edward Jenner ( )
Developed a vaccination for smallpox in 1796

31. Benjamin Franklin ( )
Invented bifocals
Found that colds could
be passed from person
to person

32. Sir Alexander Fleming (1881-1955)
Discovered penicillin in 1928 which is considered one of the most
important
discoveries of
the twentieth
century

33. Rene Laennec ( )
Invented the stethoscope in 1819
First stethoscope was made of wood

34. Elizabeth Blackwell (1821-1910)
First female physician in the United States in 1849

35. Florence Nightingale (1820-1910)
Known as the “Founder of Modern Nursing”
Established efficient and sanitary nursing units
Begin the professional education of nurses

36. Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) Known as the “Father of Microbiology”
His germ theory proved that microorganisms cause disease
Created a vaccine for rabies in
1885
Founded the basic rules for
sterilization

37. Joseph Lister ( )
First doctor to use an antiseptic during surgery

38. Clara Barton ( )
Volunteer nurse for wounded soldiers during the Civil War
Formed American Red Cross
in 1881

39. Robert Koch ( )
Developed the culture plate method to identify pathogens
Isolated the bacterium
that causes tuberculosis

40. Wilhelm Roentgen ( )
Discovered X-rays in 1895

41. Sigmund Freud ( )
Discovered the conscious and unconscious part of the mind
His studies were the basis for psychology and psychiatry

42. Jonas Salk (1914-1995) Albert Sabin (1906 – 1993)
Discovered polio vaccine

43. Francis Crick (1916 – 2004) James Watson (1928 - )
Described the structure of DNA and how it carries genetic information in 1953

44. Christian Barnard (1922 – 2001)
Performed first successful heart transplant in 1968

45. Ben Carson ( )
Famous for his surgeries to separate Siamese twins

46. Robert Jarvik Creator of the first artificial heart
December 2, 1982, lived for the next 112 days
The second patient lived for 620 days