1. Physical and Chemical Properties of Matter 8th Grade Science

2. Review: What is Matter?
Anything that has mass and takes up space (volume).
Examples of matter:

3. Matter Volume – The amount of space something occupies
Mass - The amount of matter in something

6. Matter
Matter can be described by using physical and chemical properties.
Properties are characteristics that matter has that make it unique.

7. Property = Characteristic
All matter has what two properties in common?
Well… There are many OTHER properties of matter that give matter unique properties.
These unique properties help us to identify matter because they describe to us what makes them different.

8. Physical Properties
Physical Properties: Are properties that can be observed or measured. (color, mass, length, volume, density, state, etc).
Physical properties DO NOT change the identity of the substance
Meaning when you observe or measure a substance, you do not change the substance into something else.

9. Measurable Properties of Matter
Measurable Properties: Properties that must be measured with a tool (ruler, beaker, graduated cylinder, scale, etc.).
Ruler
Beaker
Scale
Triple Beam Balance
Graduated Cylinder

10. Measurable Properties of Matter
Mass: is the amount of matter that something is made of.
Calculate: Using a triple beam balance or a scale.
Unit: in science ALWAYS use grams (g) or kilograms (kg).

11. Which Picture has less mass?

12. Measurable Properties of Matter
Weight: is the amount gravity is pulling on an object. Different on the MOON!!! Other wise it is measured the same as MASS!!
On earth, we just weigh you to calculate!

13. Mass = 100 lbs.
EVERYWHERE
Weight = lbs.
Weight = 100 lbs.

14. Measurable Properties of Matter
Volume: the amount of space an object takes up.
Measured by: different for regular solid, irregular solid and liquids.
Examples of Regular Solids: any solid you can measure the length, width and height of.
Examples of Irregular Solids: any solid you cannot measure the length, width and height of.
Examples of Liquids: any object that has no definite shape but does have a definite volume.

15. Measurable Properties of Matter
Measuring Volume of Regular Solids:
measure the length, width and height with ruler and multiply them together.
Length X Width X Height = Volume of Regular Solid
cm X cm X cm = cm3
*ALWAYS USE CENTIMETERS IN SCIENCE!!!!
UNIT: cm3

16. Measuring the Volume of Liquids:
How to calculate: Use a graduate cylinder to find the volume at the meniscus.
Material: graduated cylinder, beaker, flask
How to read a graduated cylinder
Must be at eye level to read.
Must read to bottom of the curve. MENISCUS - bottom of the curve.
Unit: mL or L

17. Measurable Properties of Matter
Measuring Volume of Irregular Solids:
Water displacement. Put water into a graduated cylinder and record volume. Place irregular solid into cylinder with water and record second volume. Subtract the two amounts.
Initial volume (water only) – volume with irregular solid = volume of solid
UNIT: measured in mL but, since it is a
solid use cm3.
1 mL = 1 cm3

18. Measurable Properties of Matter
Water Displacement

19. Measurable Properties of Matter
Density: the amount of matter in a given space or volume. Density is used to describe matter because everything has a different density.

20. Which has the greater density?

21. Measurable Properties of Matter
Measure by: dividing and objects mass by it’s volume.
Calculate: Density = Mass/Volume m
D = V
Mass divided by Volume
UNIT: since mass is measured in grams and volume is measured in cm3 or mL the unit for density has to have those two units.
So, the unit for density is g/mL or g/cm3. m D V

22. The density of water is ALWAYS 1.0 g/mL.
Anything less than 1.0 g/mL will FLOAT.
Anything greater than 1.0 g/mL will sink.

23. Calculate the density for the following objects: Mass= 10 Volume= 5
Practice
Calculate the density for the following
objects:
Mass= 10 Volume= 5
b.Mass= 16 Volume= 8
c.Mass= 5 Volume= 10
d.Mass= 12 Volume= 12
Which object is water? Which object will
float in water? Which objects will sink in
water?
2g/ml sinker
2g/cm3 sinker
0.5g/ml floater
1g/cm3 water

24. These are two, unopened full cans of soda
These are two, unopened full cans of soda. Explain why one is floating and one has sunk.

25. Measurable Properties of Matter
Temperature – A measure of how hot or cold a substance is.
Calculate – Use a thermometer
Unit – degrees Fahrenheit/ Celsius (in USA we use F)

26. Specific heat - How much energy it takes to increase the temperature 1 degrees.
Calculate – special thermometer
Units: joules per kilogram kelvin
A high specific hear means it takes a LOT of energy/heat to change the temperature of the substance.

27. Which do you think has the higher specific heat?
Remember … a HIGH specific heat mean it takes a lot of energy and a long time to heat up.

28. Boiling point: the temperature at which a substance changes from a liquid to a gas at a given pressure
water (H2O) = 100o C (212o F)
Calculate –
Use a thermometer
Video Clip:

29. Melting point: the temperature at which a substance changes from a solid to a liquid at a given pressure
water (H2O) = 0o C (32 o F)
Calculate – Use a thermometer
Video clip:

30. Freezing Point: the temperature at which a substance changes from a liquid to a Solid at a given pressure
water (H2O) = 0o C (32 o F)
Calculate – Use a thermometer

31. Practice Liquid to a solid? Liquid to a gas? Solid to a liquid?
Freezing point
Freezing point of water?
0 degrees C or 32 degrees F
Liquid to a gas?
Boiling point
Boiling point of water?
100 degrees C or 212 degrees F
Solid to a liquid?
Melting point
Melting point of water?

32. The importance of water’s high specific heat!
Keeps us alive on earth by regulating our atmosphere!

33. Observable Physical Properties
Observable Physical Properties: Properties you can use your senses to get information about an object.
If you can describe the matter based on what it looks, feels, smells or tastes like, you are describing the physical properties.

34. Examples of: Observable Physical Properties
Malleability: the ability of a substance to be pounded into thin sheets.

35. Examples of: Observable Physical Properties
Color: The color of object can be seen and is a physical property of matter.
Color can help identify a substance. For example, sulfur is usually yellow in color, iodine is usually red in color.
Iodine
Sulfur

36. Examples of: Observable Physical Properties
Luster: Describes how a substance reflects light.

37. Examples of: Observable Physical Properties
Texture: The feel of a surface.

38. Examples of: Observable Physical Properties
Magnetism: an attractive force between ions.

39. Examples of: Observable Physical Properties
Smell: The smell or odor an object gives off can also help identify a substance.
For example, sulfur has a rotten egg smell, vinegar has a very acidic smell, and chlorine has a very strong bleach smell.

40. Examples of: Observable Physical Properties
Conduction of heat or electricity: The ability for heat and electricity to pass through an object easily.
Metals are usually the best conductors of heat and electricity.

41. Examples of: Observable Physical Properties
Insulator of electricity or heat: when an object passes heat and electricity poorly.
Nonmetals are usually good insulators.

42. Examples of: Observable Physical Properties
9). Ductility: the ability to be drawn or pulled into a wire.
Metals usually are ductile.

43. Examples of: Observable Physical Properties
Solubility: The ability to dissolve in another substance.
Examples: sugar dissolves in water.

44. Examples of: Observable Physical Properties
State of Matter: Matter can either be a solid, liquid, gas, or plasma. We observe this by using our senses.

45. State of matter is a physical property!!!!
STATES OF MATTER
State of matter is a physical property!!!!
MATTER CAN BE FOUND IN 4 STATES (PHASES)
SOLID
LIQUID
GAS
PLASMA

46. PARTICLES of a SOLID (Physical Property)
Pattern: ATOMS (PARTICLES) ARE ARRANGED CLOSELY PACKED TOGETHER
Movement: VIBRATE
Shape/Volume: HAS FIXED SHAPE & FIXED VOLUME
Space: VERY CLOSE

47. In Solids, the particles are very tightly packed SO:
THE OBJECT IS HARDER
THE MORE DIFFICULT IT IS TO
BREAK THEM APART
THE MORE ENERGY NEEDED TO
CHANGE FROM A SOLID TO A
LIQUID

48. The particles in a LIQUID:
Pattern: none
Movement: atoms roll or slide over each other and move faster than a solid.
Shape: No fixed shape, takes shape of container
Volume: Fixed
Space: Close

49. Movement: PARTICLES MOVE FAST
The particles in a GAS:
Pattern: none
Movement: PARTICLES MOVE FAST
Shape: NO FIXED SHAPE, takes shape of container
Volume: No fixed volume
Space: Far apart

50. The particles in PLASMA:
Pattern: none
Movement: Particles move very fast and are therefore very HOT
Shape/Volume: NO FIXED SHAPE OR VOLUME
Facts: Most common state of matter in the universe.
Most Uncommon state of matter on Earth.
Found in lightning, fluorescent lights and stars (Sun)
Space: Extremely far apart

51. What causes matter to move through changes?
Temperature changes!

52. Chemical Properties
Chemical property: a property that can only be observed by changing the identity (chemical composition) of the substance
Examples:
Flammability, combustibility
ability to rust
reactivity
(with, vinegar, oxygen, acids..)

53. Chemical Properties of Matter :Examples
Flammability: the ability to burn.
Reactivity: The ability for a substance to react with another. Simply, when two substances get together, something can happen.

54. Chemical Properties of Matter :Examples
Ability to rust – undergoes and oxidation reaction between moisture and air
Tarnish – To become dull or discolored
Radioactivity – decay of elements into high energy particles
Corrosion – Deterioration of metal by
means of a chemical reaction

55. Why are some objects less dense than other objects?
As the molecules of a substance spread apart, the density of the substance is lowered.

56. What causes molecules to spread?
Adding energy (usually in the form of heat) so the movement of the molecules increases.

57. Objects float in other substances because they are less dense than the substance they are floating in.
Why does ice float in water? They are both the same substance, right?

58. The spaces between the atoms make solid water less dense.
Notice how tightly packed the atoms are in the liquid water vs the solid water?
The spaces between the atoms make solid water less dense.
Is this true for all solids?
NO WAY!!! This is a unique quality of water. Most solids are always more dense than their liquid forms.

59. Answer: Decrease
Water molecules in ice (water’s solid form) are further apart then they are in water (liquid form), giving ice a density less than 1.

60. DENSITY When does an objects density change?
If heat is added or taken away!!!!
HEAT – spreads out molecules and makes them LESS dense
Take AWAY heat – molecules come together and makes them MORE dense.
Hot objects are less dense than cool objects!!!!