1. A Couple of Brain Busters!
What is Earth Science?
Why should we study Earth Science?

3. What is Earth Science? Areas of Study: a) Geology b) Oceanography
Definition: The study of our planet, its changing
systems, and its setting in the universe.
Areas of Study:
a) Geology
b) Oceanography
c) Meteorology
d) Astronomy

14. Prologue
The Nature of Change

17. Observations Definition: Information obtained from any of
our five senses
1) Sight
2) Smell
3) Taste
4) Touch
5) Hearing

18. Instruments

19. Inferences

20. Classification Definition: The grouping of objects or events
based on observable properties.

21. Graphing – A Way To Show Data

22. Types of Graphs
Pie Chart
Bar/Line Graphs

23. Components of a Graph

24. Bar Graph Practice

26. Line Graph Practice

28. Types of Graph Relationships
1) Direct Relationships
Both Variables
Increase

29. Types of Graph Relationships
2) Indirect Relationships
(or Inverse Relationships)
Independent Variable Increases
Dependent Variable Decreases

33. Changes that are predictable and repetitive
3. Cyclic-
Examples:
4. Non-cyclic-
Changes that are predictable and repetitive
Moon phases, tides, seasons
Changes that are NOT predictable and repetitive
EQ occurrence, volcanic eruptions, weather

36. Earth Science Math - Rounding
Steps
1) Determine what digit you are rounding to?
2) Increase it by 1 if the next digit is 5 or more (this is called rounding up)
3) Leave it the same if the next digit is 4 or less (this is called rounding down)

37. Exponential Notation
Mathematical shorthand for very large or small numbers
321,442,385 or

38. Steps 1) Take the first 3 real numbers and insert a decimal point
2) Add a “x 10” to the 3 digit number
3) Count the # of places the decimal point has moved and add as a superscript
4) When the decimal moves to the left the exponent is positive; when it moves to the left the exponent is negative

39. Try One!
321,442,385

40. Step 1
3.21

41. Step 2
3.21 x 10

42. Step 3
Count the number of places the decimal point has moved from the original number and add the super script!
321,442,385

43. What did you get?
3.21 x 108

44. Try Another One!

45. Step 1
5.36

46. Step 2
5.36 x 10

47. Step 3
Count the number of places the decimal point has moved from the original number and add the super script!

48. What did you get?
5.36 x 10-6

49. Calculations
1. Rate of Change =

50. Practice:
If the air temperature is 53 F at 6 am and at 12 noon the air temperature rises to 85 F, what is the change in air temperature over this time period? Use E:S:A.

51. Practice
E: Rate of Change = Change in Field Value Time S: A:

52. Percent Deviation In measuring a chocolate bar, a student
% Error = difference from accepted value x100
accepted value
In measuring a chocolate bar, a student
found its length to be 1.9 meters. If
the accepted value is 2.0 meters, what
is the percent deviation of the student’s measurement?

53. E:
% Error = difference from accepted value x 100
accepted value S: A:

54. 1. Instrument used to measure mass: Electronic Balance
Density
A. Mass:
The amount of matter in an object
1. Instrument used to measure
mass:
Electronic Balance
2. Units of measurement:
grams

55. Volume = Length x Width x Height
B. Volume:
1. Determined by water
displacement or
Volume = Length x Width x Height
The amount of space an object occupies.
2. Instrument used to measure volume:
Ruler or Graduated Cylinder
3. Units of measurement
cm3 or ml

56. Density
Definition: The ratio between the mass and the volume of a substance.
Formula:

57. Practice Problems: use E:S:A
What is the density of a rock that
has a mass of 35 grams and a
volume of 7.0 cubic centimeters?

58. Density Pyramid

59. Mountains up here and………..
Deserts and valleys down here.

60. M V D Now draw a triangle……… And draw these lines
Insert M for mountains,
D for deserts
and V for valleys M V D

61. Practice! A substance has a mass of 345 grams and a density of 3 g/ml.
What is the volume of the substance?
Show your work-ESA

62. Practice! A substance has a volume of 268 ml and a density of 4 g/ml.
What is the mass of the substance?
Show your work-ESA.

63. 3. Factors affecting Density: A. Temperature:
As temperature increases, volume increases and density decreases. This is an indirect relationship.
Density
Temperature

64. B. Pressure:
As pressure increases, volume decreases and density increases. This is a direct relationship.
Density
Pressure

65. 4. Does size affect density?
No, no matter how large or small, or what shape an object has, density remains the same.
Density
Size

66. An unknown sample has a density of 6. 0 grams/cubic centimeters
An unknown sample has a density of 6.0 grams/cubic centimeters. If the sample is cut in half, each half would have a density of….

67. Phases of Matter and Density
A. Density changes with the phase
of matter.
2.Solids are most dense, gases
are least dense.
3. Water is an exception, its highest
density is in the liquid phase at
a temperature of 3.98oC.

69. 6. Density and Flotation:B A C
water D
Compare the densities of blocks A, B, C, and D with that of water.
A C-
B D-
Less Dense
Equal to
Greater Than
Less Dense

70. Using your ESRT, find the densities of the following:
continental crust- oceanic crust-
stiffer mantle- outer core-
inner core- Moon-
Venus- Sun-
Saturn- Mars-

71. 1. crust, mantle, outer core, inner core
According to the ESRT and your completed chart above, in which group are the zones of the Earth’s interior correctly arranged in order of increasing average
density?
1. crust, mantle, outer core, inner core
2. crust, mantle, inner core, outer core
3. inner core, outer core, mantle, crust
4. outer core, inner core, mantle, crust