1. Cells Review

2. Macromolecules Proteins-amino acids
Carbohydrates-sugar & starches-quick energy
Lipids-3 fatty acids & 1 glycerol-long term energy
Nucleic Acids-nucleotides-DNA & RNA
Enzymes-proteins-organic catalyst-speeds up chemical reactions-lowers activation energy-temperature & pH denature (change shape) of enzyme-specific-”lock & key method”-puzzle pieces

3. Prokaryote No nucleus No membrane bound organelles Small Simple
Unicelluar
Circular DNA (plasmid)
Ex: bacteria with flagella for movement

4. Eukaryote Nucleus Membrane bound organelles Large Complex
Ex: plant & animal cell
Plant cell-cell wall (cellulose)-large vacuole for storage-chloroplast for photosynthesis

5. Prokaryote & Eukaryote
Ribosomes
Cytoplasm
Cell/plasma membrane
Genetic material

6. Organelles
Nucleus-control center “brain”; controls/directs all cellular activities; eukaryotic cells only (plant and animal)
Chloroplast- site for photosynthesis (plant cells only)
Mitochondria- “powerhouse” of the cell
Mitochondria & chloroplast evolved from ancient prokaryotic cells (endosymbiosis theory); double membrane & own DNA
Cell wall- cellulose-plant cells
Plasma membrane-”gate keeper”-semi permeable-controls what goes in & out of a cell- made of lipids and proteins
Ribosomes-proteins are made

7. Central dogma (DNA>RNA>Proteins)
Cells
Cell Hierarchy
Cells>tissues>organs>organ systems>organisms
Cells in the same organism have the same DNA, however segments are activated due to specialization which leads to gene expression
Cell differentiation- specialized cell with a particular structure and function
Central dogma (DNA>RNA>Proteins)

8. Muscle cells- contract muscles, lots of mitochondria
Specialized Cells
Stem cells (embryonic & adult) become specialized cells which lead to the building of tissues
Nerve cell- send/receive chemical and electrical signals for communication
Muscle cells- contract muscles, lots of mitochondria