1. What is the relationship between atoms, bonding and macromolecules?
join together
Bonds
that form
Molecules
that form large structures called
Macromolecules

2. Carbohydrates

3. Macromolecules and their subunits
Monomer + =
Polymer
Macromolecule
glucose
glycogen
smaller subunits
long chain
of monomers

4. Macromolecules and their subunits
Carbon
Compounds
include
Which are made of
which contain
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Nucleic acids
(i.e. DNA/RNA)
Proteins
Simple sugars
(e.g., glucose)
Glycerol &
3 Fatty Acids
Nucleotides
Amino Acids
Carbon,
hydrogen,
oxygen
Carbon, hydrogen
oxygen, nitrogen,
phosphorus
hydrogen, oxygen,
nitrogen, 1 2 3 4
main function
main function
main function
main function
ENERGY
STORAGE
ENERGY
STORAGE
CATALYSIS
&
STRUCTURE
/SUPPORT
ENCODING
HEREDITARY
INFORMATION
short-term
long-term

5. Carbohydrates 1 2 3 4 2. Complex Carbohydrates
Main Function: quick and short-term energy storage; also involved with structural support and cell-cell commonuication
Groupings: C, H, and O atoms (1 : 2 : 1 ratio)
Two types: 1. Simple Carbohydrates
2. Complex Carbohydrates
Carbon
Compounds
include
Which are made of
which contain
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Nucleic acids
Proteins
Simple sugars
(e.g., glucose)
Glycerol &
3 Fatty Acids
Nucleotides
Amino Acids
Carbon,
hydrogen,
oxygen
Carbon, hydrogen
oxygen, nitrogen,
phosphorus
hydrogen, oxygen,
nitrogen, 1 2 3 4
(4 cal/g)
main function
ENERGY
STORAGE
short-term

6. Carbohydrates – Simple (glucose)
Carbohydrate molecule with 3-7 carbon atoms is called monosaccharide. (mono = one, saccharide = sugar); contains a single sugar
Broken down quickly in the body to release energy.
e.g., GLUCOSE – hexose (six-carbon) sugar with 7
energy-storing C-H bonds
C6H12O6 (ring structure – when dissolved in water) 1 2 3 4 5 6
Primary source of energy used by all cells

7. Carbohydrates – Simple (glucose)
Monosaccharides that contain 3C, 5C, & 6C are the most common
All monosaccharides exist in linear form, when in water, monosaccharides with 5 or more carbons can fold to form a ring structure
EX. Glucose: carbonyl group interacts with a hydroxyl group

8. Carbohydrates – Simple (glucose)
When glucose forms a ring, there are two possible arrangements
These are isomers (a molecule that has the same composition but a different arrangement) with different properties
Humans can digest (starches)
Humans cannot digest (cellulose)

9. Making & Breaking Carbohydrates
monosaccharide +
disaccharide (di = two)
Condensation (dehydration) synthesis
Hydrolysis

10. Making & Breaking Carbohydrates
1-5 -linkage
1-4 -linkage
Glycosidic bond – a bond between monosaccharides
1-4 -linkage

11. Carbohydrates – Complex (Polysaccharides)
Main Function: quick and short-term energy storage (starch/glycogen); structural support (cellulose/chitin)
Contain many units of monosaccharides in long chains
Polymerization is the process in which smaller molecules (monomers) link together to form a larger molecule (polymer)

12. Carbohydrates – Complex (Polysaccharides)
Starch,
Starch Granules (purple) in Potato Cells
Starch = energy storage in
plants

13. Carbohydrates – Complex (Polysaccharides)
Glycogen (polymer)
Glycogen = energy storage
in animals
muscle
liver
Glycogen (red) in Hepatocytes (liver cells)

14. Carbohydrates – Complex (Polysaccharides)
Cellulose fibers
Cellulose = polysaccharide found in plant cell walls
= contain numerous polar OH- groups that allow them to assemble side by side to enable strength
=hydrophilic but do not dissolve

15. Carbohydrates – Complex (Polysaccharides)
Chitin
Chitin = used to produce hard exoskeletons in insects and crustaceans

16. Carbohydrates – Complex (Polysaccharides)
What is the difference between starch and cellulose?
Starch
Cellulose

17. Glucose repeat units are facing the same direction
Starch
Cellulose
Glucose repeat units are facing the same direction
Each successive glucose unit is upside-down in relation to each of the glucose molecules that it is connected to
Both polymers
Same repeat base
Same monomer
(glucose)
Enzymes to digest
Cannot digest (no enzymes)
Insoluble (fiber / roughage)
Soluble
Weaker
Stronger (good for building)

18. Carbohydrates and Lipids
Section 1.4
Match the correct carbohydrate type to its structure.
monosaccharide
disaccharide
polysaccharide
very long chain or branching chain with α or β linkage
two monomer subunits, with α or β linkage
chain, α-ring, or β-ring
Give two examples for each of three carbohydrate types above. 18

19. Carbohydrates Section 1.4
Match the correct carbohydrate type to its structure.
monosaccharide
disaccharide
polysaccharide
very long chain or branching chain with α or β linkage
two monomer subunits, with α or β linkage
chain, α-ring, or β-ring
Give two examples for each of three carbohydrate types above.
monosaccharide: glucose and fructose
disaccharide: lactose and sucrose
polysaccharide: cellulose and starch 19

20. Discussion: Carbohydrates and Lipids
Section 1.4
What are the functions of each carbohydrate type? 20

21. Discussion: Carbohydrates
Section 1.4
What are the functions of each carbohydrate type?
Monosaccharides and disaccharides are both primarily used as energy supplies. Polysaccharides are primarily used for energy storage, structural support, and cell-to-cell communication. 21

22. Lipids

23. Lipids (fats)
Main Function: long-term energy storage; also use to regulate cellular activities.
Special Feature: contain more energy per gram than any other biological molecule (9 cal/g)
Groupings: Mostly C and H atoms (hydrocarbons), smaller amounts of O
Types:
Fatty Acids.
Fats and oils
Phospholipids
Steroids
Waxes 2 3 4
Which are made of
which contain
Lipids
Nucleic acids
(e.g., DNA/RNA)
Proteins
Glycerol &
3 Fatty Acids
Nucleotides
Amino Acids
Carbon,
hydrogen,
oxygen
Carbon, hydrogen
oxygen, nitrogen,
phosphorus
hydrogen, oxygen,
nitrogen,
Animal fat room temp)
Plant oils room temp)
main function
main function
main function
CATALYSIS
&
STRUCTURE
/SUPPORT
ENCODING
HEREDITARY
INFORMATION
ENERGY
STORAGE
long-term

24. Lipids (fats)
Lipids are non-polar molecules and generally don’t dissolve in water

25. Fatty Acids The structural backbone of most lipids are fatty acids.
A fatty acid consists of a single hydrocarbon chain with a carboxyl functional group (-COOH) at one end, giving the fatty acid acidic properties.
In living acids they contain 4 or more carbons in the hydrocarbon chain.
Commonly carbons (in even-numbers)
The longer the chain, the less water soluble it is.

26. Types of Fatty Acids Saturated Unsaturated Polyunsaturated
Saturated
Unsaturated
Polyunsaturated
# of double bonds between carbons
Orientation
State at Room Temp.
Origin
Which are better for you?
Example
Types of Fatty Acids

27. Types of Fatty Acids Saturated Unsaturated Poly - unsaturated
# of Double Bonds between Carbons
None
(contains maximum # of H atoms)
At least one double bond between carbon atoms
Several double bonds

28. Types of Fatty Acids
Fewer hydrogens – “unsaturated”

29. Types of Fatty Acids Saturated Unsaturated Poly - unsaturated
Orientation of Fatty Acids
Kinks / bends at the double bonds
Kinks / bends at the double bonds
Straight chains

30. Types of Fatty Acids
CH2-CH
=CH
BEND DUE TO DOUBLE BOND

31. Saturated vs. Unsaturated?

32. olive oil, vegetable oil, peanut oil, canola oil
Types of Fatty Acids
Saturated
Unsaturated
Poly - unsaturated
Examples
butter,
lard
olive oil, vegetable oil, peanut oil, canola oil

33. ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Types of Fatty Acids Saturated Unsaturated
Saturated
Unsaturated
Polyunsaturated
# of double bonds between carbons
Orientation
State at Room Temp.
Origin
Which are better for you?
Example
Types of Fatty Acids ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?

34. Fats
A fat is a lipid made from two types of molecules, a glycerol and a fatty acid 1 2 3
Glycerol
Fatty acids

35. Making and Breaking Lipids (fats)

36. Making and Breaking Lipids (fats)
Fats and oils are called triglycerides because of their structure
What functional groups are present on the glycerol and fatty acid molecules?
+ 3 H2O
Dehydration
Synthesis
Hydrolysis

37. Saturated & Unsaturated Fats
Saturated Fat: a lipid that is composed of saturated fatty acids with a single bonds in their hydrocarbon chain
Unsaturated Fat: a lipid that is composed of unsaturated fatty acids with double bounds in their hydrocarbon chain

38. Saturated & Unsaturated Fats
Obtained from animals
Solid at room temp.
Longer and straighter hydrocarbon chains; can be packed closer together
Store more energy
Unsaturated Fats
Obtained from plants
Liquid at room temp. (oils)
Hydrocarbon chains have kinks or bends (at double bonds)
Considered healthier for human diet

39. Saturated & Unsaturated Fats
Animal Fats vs. Fish Oils
Saturated fats, which are typically solid at room temperature; however, warm-blooded mammals have liquid fat to enable movement
Unsaturated fats, which are typically liquid at room temperature, enable fish to remain flexible and enable movement in colder temperatures

40. Trans Fat Types of Fatty Acids
Taking a perfectly good fat and making it bad!
Addition of hydrogen atoms to the acid, causing double
bonds to become single ones.
(unsaturated becomes saturated) LDL HDL

41. Phospholipids
Fat derivatives in which one fatty acid has been replaced by a phosphate group and one of several nitrogen-containing molecules.
An important part of the cell membrane (phospholipid bilayer)

42. Phospholipids
Nitrogen-containing
group

43. The phospholipid can also be represented as:
Phospholipids
The phospholipid can also be represented as:
Polar Head – hydrophilic
(water-loving)
Non-Polar Tails (fatty acids) – hydrophobic (water-hating)
Amphipathic Molecule: contains both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions

44. Phospholipid Bilyer

45. Steroids consist of 4 fused carbon rings
Differences in side groups distinguish one steroid from another

46. Steroids
Sterols (most abundant) have a simple single polar hydroxl group at one end and a complex non-polar hydrocarbon at the other end
Almost completely hydrophobic, -OH gives some hydrophilic properties
Cholesterol
Component of animal cell membranes
Can convert into Vitamin D
Contributes to atherosclerosis

47. Waxes Long fatty acid chains linked to alcohols or carbon rings
Hydrophobic, non-polar, and soft solids
Often used as flexible waterproof coatings (i.e.cutin)

48. Work
p. 38
#1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7