1. Circulation and Gas Exchange
AP Biology
Crosby High School

2. Invertebrate Open vs. Closed
Both
Circulatory fluid
Set of tubes
Muscular pump
Open
Hemolymph
Pumped into sinuses
Closed
Blood confined to vessels

3. Cardiovascular System
Heart
One or two atria
One or two ventricles
Blood Vessels
Arteries
Veins
cappillaries

4. Types of Circulation Fish Amphibians Two chambered heart
Gill Circulation
Systemic circulation
Amphibians
Double circulation
Ventricle pumps into pulmocutaneous and systemic

5. Mammals Tour of circulatory system Mammalian heart Cardiac Cycle
Sytole
Diastole
Cardiac Output
Heart beat
Stroke volume

6. Mammalian Heart Valves prevent backflow Heat Beat Heat Murmur
Atrioventricular Valve
Semilunar Valve
Heat Beat
Heat Murmur

7. Maintaining Rhythm Sinoatrial node (Pacemaker) Atrioventricular node
Located near superior vena cava
Causes atria to contract together
Atrioventricular node
0.1 sec delay
Spread through bundle branches and Purkinje fibers
Electrocardiogram

8. Veins, Arteries and Capillaries
Both
Elastic tissue
Middle layer
Endothelium
Differences
Capillaries lack outer two layers
Arteries thicker in outer layers
Veins pushed w/ skeletal muscles and have valves

9. Blood Pressure Systolic: 120 mm Hg Diastolic: 70 mm Hg
Peripheral Resistance
Heavy exercise causes dilation
Veins need extra methods of movement
Rhythmic contraction of smooth muscle
Skeletal muscles
Inhalation changes thoracic pressure

10. Transfer Through Capillary Walls
Blood flow through capillary beds
Brain, heart, kidney, and liver usually filled
Other sites vary
Capillary Exchange

11. Blood Plasma Cellular Elements 90 % water Blood electrolytes Proteins
Immunoglobulin
Fibrinogen
Cellular Elements
Erythrocytes
Leukocytes
Platelets

12. Production and Function of Blood
Stem Cells
Pluripotent stem cells
Erythropoieten
Blood Clotting
Clotting factors  Prothrombin  Thrombin
Thrombin  Fibrinogen  Fibrin
Hemophilia
Thrombus

13. Cardiovascular Disease
Heart attack
Stroke
Atherosclerosis
Arteriosclerosis
Hypertension
Cholesterol
Low-density lipoproteins (LDLs)
High-density lipoproteins (HDLs)

14. Mammalian Respiratory System
View pathway of Gas Exchange
Ventilating the lungs
Positive Pressure vs. Negative Pressure
Mammals use Negative Pressure
Ribs & diaphragm contract increasing the chest cavity
Lung volume increases
Air pressure drops and air rushes in

15. Lung: Capacity and Control
Tidal Volume
Vital Capacity
Residual Volume
Controlled largely by Medulla Oblongata
Hyperventilation

17. Negative Pressure

18. Respiratory System

19. Stages of Clotting

20. Similarities and Differences

21. Heart Cycle and EKG

22. Tour

23. Types of Circulation