1. Pope Paul III ( )
During this time, the major revival/reform movements in the Catholic Church came under Pope Paul III.

2. Engraving of the Council of Trent
To enact reform, the Pope called for a General Council at Trent in This would be one of the three most important Church Councils in history (along with Nicea 325 and Vatican II ( ).

3. Ignatius Loyola ( )
Perhaps the most effective of all the counter-reform/revival movements within the Roman Church was the Society of Jesus (Jesuit Order) founded by Ignatius Loyola.

4. First edition of “Spiritual Exercises” (1548)
Loyola’s book, “Spiritual Exercises”, was the textbook of the Jesuits. This book is still in print today. Along with vows of poverty, purity, and chastity, the Jesuits swore absolute allegiance and obedience to the Pope.

5. Frances Xavier ( )
Jesuit Missionaries like Frances Xavier made significant progress in foreign missions in India, the East Indies, and Japan.

6. Matthew Ricci ( )
Although Xavier encountered a closed door in China, his successor Matthew Ricci was able to plant Christianity in China although it would wither away within 100 years.

7. Pope Paul III was the most significant force behind the Catholic Counter-Reformation. He:
• approved the Jesuit order.
• set up the Inquisition.
• called the Council of Trent.

8. The Council of Trent” declared:
that the Latin Vulgate edition of the Bible by Jerome with the Apocrypha was the “official” Bible.
that the teachings and traditions of the Church were of equal authority with the Bible.
that salvation was by faith and subsequent works.

9. The Council of Trent declared (continued):
that the seven sacraments were reaffirmed.
that the doctrine of transubstantiation was reaffirmed.
adoption of a confession of faith (Tridentine Creed) which summarized the Council.
that Roman Catholic clergy and teachers were required to swear personal allegiance to the Pope.

10. The Council of Trent:
adopted Aquinas theology as official dogma.
assured a permanent split with Protestants.
advocated higher standards of morality for clergy.
established Catholic universities.
approved the Vulgate Bible.
sealed the defeat of “counciliarism” (which sought to control the Pope through Church Councils).
entrenched Papal authority.

11. Ferdinand II ( )
When the pro-Catholic Ferdinand II of Spain was also named King of Bohemia in 1618, the Protestants revolted and war started. Ferdinand attempted to remove Protestantism from Bohemia. The Protestant Bohemians offered the crown to a German Calvinist ruler, Frederick V.

12. Gustavus Adolphus ( )
In 1630 Europe was invaded by Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden, who was a Lutheran. By 1632 he had defeated all the Catholic forces and was in control in Europe. But Adolphus was killed in battle in 1632.

13. Ratification of the treaty
The Thirty Years War ended in 1648 with the Peace of Westphalia which ushered in the modern era of world and Church History.

14. Table Discussion
Are denominations good or bad? Share reasons for your opinion.

15. Hugo Grotius ( )
Hugo Grotius ( ) was an Arminian who developed a governmental view of the atonement which left out the sacrificial substitution part and emphasized the theory that Christ only made the penal payment necessary to satisfy God’s justice. Grotius is also known as the Father of International Law.

16. Martin Luther ( )
The Catholic peasant/monk who dared to challenge the Roman Church on its basic theology and practices. Luther is the man God used to begin the Protestant Reformation which shaped the form of modern Church History and Christianity.

17. Philip Melanchton ( )
He served as Luther’s theologian and helped write and formulate Protestant Theology.

18. Ulrich Zwingli ( )
The Swiss reformer who started the Reformation in Switzerland and to whom evangelical Christianity traces its heritage, especially as to his view of the Lord’s supper.

19. John Calvin ( )
The French born reformer who led the Calvinistic reforms in Geneva, Switzerland which absorbed Zwingli’s movement and became the driving force behind the Reformation.

20. Pope Leo X ( )
The Pope during Luther’s early “protest” who excommunicated Luther and made the Catholic opposition to Protestantism quite clear and strong.

21. Thomas Cranmer ( )
Archbishop of Canterbury under Henry VIII who helped shape the Protestant/Puritan movement in England. He also helped form Anglican Theology, wrote the Book of Common Prayer, and was executed under Mary Tudor.

22. Oliver Cromwell ( )
The able Puritan religious/political and military leader who led the successful revolt of Puritans against the King of England. He helped reform the Church of England and promoted religious toleration.

23. Pope Paul III ( )
The very effective Pope who led the Catholic Counter-Reformation, set up the Inquisition and Index, and presided at the Council of Trent. He helped shape modern Roman Catholicism.

24. Ignatius Loyola ( )
The mystic founder of the Jesuit Society which promoted religious education and missionary activity during the Counter-Reformation.

25. Francis Xavier ( )
The Jesuit who fostered great missionary efforts in the Far East and India during the Counter-Reformation.

26. Catholics, Lutherans, and Calvinists.
Gustavus Adolphus ( )
The Lutheran Swedish King who invaded Europe and reversed the tide of the Thirty Year’s War in favor of the Protestants. This ultimately led to the Peace of Westphalia in 1648 which established religious toleration for
Catholics, Lutherans, and Calvinists.

27. Survey of Church History
Page 215

28. The 12 periods of Church History are:
1. Era of the Gospel 4 B.C. – 33 A.D.
2. Era of the New Testament 33 – 100 A.D.
Early Apostolic A.D.
•Late Apostolic A.D.
3. Era of the Universal “Catholic” Church 100 – 312 A.D.
4. Era of the “Christian” Roman Empire 312 – 590 A.D.
5. Era of the Medieval Church 590 – 800 A.D.
6. Era of the Holy Roman Empire 800 – 1054 A.D.
7. Era of the Crusades 1054 – 1305 A.D.
8. Era of the Renaissance and Rise of Nation-States 1305 – 1517 A.D.
9. Era of the Reformation 1517 – 1648 A.D.
10. Era of Rationalism and Revival 1648 – 1789 A.D.
11. Era of Liberalism, Progress and Missions 1789 – 1914 A.D.
12. Era of Modern Ideologies, Secularism, and Humanism 1914 – present

29. Louis XIV ( )
The long reign of Louis XIV ( ) put France in a dominant position, and she would come close to waging war successfully against England over North America.

30. The siege and taking of Quebec, 1759
England would eventually win the battle with France for control of America in the Seven Years’ War ( ). In America this was known as the French and Indian War.

31. King George III ( )
Britain would rule supreme in Europe, having defeated both France and Spain. But these defeated foes of England would soon help the English colonies in America break away from England under King George III.

32. Charles II ( )
Earlier, with the restoration of Charles II to England’s throne in 1660, persecution of Puritans increased as the Episcopal Church of England was the only recognized State religion.

33. William and Mary (Husband and wife with Joint rule of the United Kingdom
By 1688 Protestants had retaken the throne in the persons of William and Mary. In 1669 an Act of Toleration was passed which not only established freedom of religion but promoted the spiritual apathy which led to revivals beginning in 1738.

34. Peter the Great ( )
A political awakening under Peter the Great ( ) pushed Russia onto the world scene and some Westernizing of her culture occurred.

35. Catherine the Great (1762-96)
Subsequent progress was made under Anna ( ) and Catherine the Great toward making Russia a force in Europe and the world.

36. Copernicus ( )
Copernicus had earlier laid the groundwork with his discovery that the sun was the center of the universe – not the earth.

37. Johann Kepler ( )
Johann Kepler reasoned that there was a magnetic force (gravity) in the universe that caused the movement of planets, etc.

38. Galileo ( )
Galileo invented the telescope and opened the minds of man to ponder his origin.

39. Sir Isaac Newton ( )
It was Sir Isaac Newton who set forth the explanation which gave rise to momentous changes in thinking. In mathematical terms Newton explained how the Law of Gravity worked to unify and harmonize the universe.

40. Francis Bacon ( )
In other fields of science, Francis Bacon, in the prior age had promoted the inductive method of reasoning and scientific investigation which started with no dogmatic assumption (such as faith in God) but worked from data to arrive at a conclusion. It generally rejected authority.

41. John Locke ( )
It was Englishman John Locke ( ) during his exile in France who as a philosopher advanced the empirical idea that man’s mind started as a blank and knowledge was acquired through experience.

42. Rene Descartes ( )
Rene Descartes paved the way for the ultimate expression of religious rationalism to that date when he expressed a philosophy based on man doubting everything except his own existence and ability to reason. “I think therefore I am”.

43. Deism developed from the rationalism of men like Newton and others and held the following basic ideas:
God is the Supreme Being though not necessarily as described in the Bible.
God is transcendent (above his creation).
God is not immanent (involved in His creation).
God is the first cause of all things and is discoverable by natural reason.

44. (Deism continued) The natural laws of the universe (like gravity) were put in place by God and are discoverable by man’s reason.
There is no place for miracles or divine revelation in the Bible, because they cannot be proved rationally.
Christ was a great teacher only, and the Bible is a good ethical guidebook.
Worship of God is best expressed by personal piety and virtue expressed in ethical behavior.
God is interested in man but not involved with him.

45. Rousseau (1712-1778) and Voltaire (1694-1778)
Deism was spread rapidly by Frenchman like Rousseau and Voltaire who represented the skepticism of the “French Enlightenment”.

46. Denis Diderot ( )
The work of the Deists was perhaps best summarized in Diderot’s ( ) French Encyclopedia. It was a a systematic dictionary of the sciences, arts, and crafts with the aim of “changing the way people think”.

47. David Hume ( )
Meanwhile, the Scottish philosopher David Hume expressed rationalism in terms of skepticism, doubting everything and demonstrating that nothing could be proved with certainty.

48. Joseph Butler ( )
Joseph Butler in England, effectively countered the Deists’ philosophy.

49. Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin, and Thomas Paine
Deism spread both to Germany and to America where many leading men of the American Revolution of 1776 against England were Deists –Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin, and Thomas Paine were all deists.

50. Christian Wolff ( )
Christian Wolff asserted that all Christian doctrines had to be proved by human reasoning with mathematical precision. Thus, he taught that unless Bible doctrines could be proved with the mind, they should not be believed.

51. Immanuel Kant ( )
Immanuel Kant has been called “the Father of Modern Philosophy” and the “Father of Human Rationalism” which would lead to liberalism in the next era.

52. To Kant:
we can only have internal moral perceptions about God but can’t really know Him.
religion is basically a reflection of man’s innate morality. Kant placed religion on a subjective, personal basis. It was a very man-centered approach.

53. Louis XIV ( )
The goal of Louis XIV was to acquire absolute sovereign authority as a divine appointment. The King maneuvered and manipulated the Popes during this period for political advantages, always asserting his absolute rule over the Church.

54. Cornelius Jansen ( )
The second major group to be persecuted in France were the Jansenists. Jansen was a Flemish theologian ( ) who wrote extensively to defend the Augustinian theology of the total depravity of man and the sovereignty of God in salvation.

55. Pascal ( )
By 1653, the Pope under pressure from the Jesuits, condemned the views of the Jansenists including such famous men as Pascal, the French Scientist and mathematician who wrote a series of brilliant letters exposing Jesuit theology and defending Jansen (Augustinian) theology.

56. Pope Alexander VII ( )
The Jansenists were persecuted for almost 50 years and finally driven out of France by Pope Alexander VII and Louis XIV.

57. Pope Innocent XIII ( )
In 1721 Pope Innocent XIII revoked the right of the Jesuits to do mission work in China.

58. In 1773 Pope Clement XIV abolished the Jesuit order.

59. Modern copy of Molinos’ “The Spiritual Guide”
One of the major proponents of the movement was Miguel Molinos ( ) who in 1675 published the Spiritual Guide which advocated the passivity of the soul at rest in order to commune with God through meditative mental contemplation.

60. Madame Guyon ( )
Madame Guyon followed in Molinos’ footsteps. Quietism had little impact on the Catholic Church as a whole but did promote personal devotional life in a positive way.

61. Philip Jakob Spener (1635-1705)
The initial leader of Pietism in Germany was Philip Jakob Spener who wanted to reform the Lutheran Church and return to true Christianity. Spener desired to moveaway from intellectual Christianity to a personal, genuine caring approach.

62. August Francke ( )
August Francke carried on the Pietist movement as a professor at the University of Halle. He promoted religious education and founded a Bible Institute and published and distributed the Scriptures.

63. Henry Muhlenberg ( )
This Lutheran pietist movement provided missionaries to India in 1705, and an important early American Lutheran, Henry Muhlenberg, came from this Training Center in 1742.

64. Count Von Zinzendorf (1700-1760)
The work of the Lutheran pietists Philip Spener and August Francke led to the founding of the Moravian (Brethren) Church by Count Von Zinzendorf.

65. John Wesley (1703-1791), The founder of Methodism
With the Moravian’s emphasis on missions and a “personal conversion experience” it is little wonder that this pietist movement had such great impact, including in the life of John Wesley.

66. Peter the Great ( )
In 1721 Peter the Great brought the Orthodox Church under State control, where it remained until the Communists took over in Then Church and State were separated.

67. Charles II ( )
In 1660 when Charles II (of the Stuart line) came to the throne, the Episcopal Church of England was again re-established as the State religion, and there was open persecution of Protestants.

68. James II (( )
James II, an avowed Catholic, came to the throne in 1685 and tried to aid the Catholics.

69. William of Orange ( )
In 1688 William of Orange, the Protestant/Calvinistic ruler of Holland and son-in-law of James II was invited by Parliament to become King. He invaded England and became King of England, and later King of Ireland and then Scotland.

70. Queen Anne ( )
The reign of Queen Anne was a stormy one which saw laws against dissenters reinforced.

71. George Fox ( )
The Quakers were founded by George Fox who had a personal, mystical, religious experience and began to question the cold formal worship of the Anglican Church.

72. The Quakers (The Society of Friends) -
rejected the organized Church.
rejected the Bible as objective completed revelation (it was in 2nd place behind the Holy Spirit).
rejected formal worship, singing, baptism and the Lord’s Supper.
promoted morality, genuine care and social passion.
tended to be “pacifists”.

73. William Penn ( )
In 1681 William Penn secured a grant of land in America and founded Pennsylvania as a haven for religious refugees.

74. The Methodist Revival in England
A number of factors set the stage for revival:
The religion of many of the upper class was impersonal, rational Deism.
The Anglican Church was basically indifferent to the needs of people and featured long boring sermons and moral platitudes.
Societal morality was at an all time low.

75. The Methodist Revival in England (Continued)
The organized Church had no solution to the social ills of the day.
The Reformation had not restored spiritual vitality to the organized Church.
The Industrial Revolution was beginning to accelerate the move to cities, which caused frustration and poverty.
The clergy were highly paid but inefficient.

76. Three men who would profoundly influence religious and political history were – John Wesley ( ), Charles Wesley ( ), and George Whitefield ( ).

77. Survey of Church History
Page 230

78. The 12 periods of Church History are:
1. Era of the Gospel 4 B.C. – 33 A.D.
2. Era of the New Testament 33 – 100 A.D.
Early Apostolic A.D.
•Late Apostolic A.D.
3. Era of the Universal “Catholic” Church 100 – 312 A.D.
4. Era of the “Christian” Roman Empire 312 – 590 A.D.
5. Era of the Medieval Church 590 – 800 A.D.
6. Era of the Holy Roman Empire 800 – 1054 A.D.
7. Era of the Crusades 1054 – 1305 A.D.
8. Era of the Renaissance and Rise of Nation-States 1305 – 1517 A.D.
9. Era of the Reformation 1517 – 1648 A.D.
10. Era of Rationalism and Revival 1648 – 1789 A.D.
11. Era of Liberalism, Progress and Missions 1789 – 1914 A.D.
12. Era of Modern Ideologies, Secularism, and Humanism 1914 – present

79. John Wesley

80. Charles Wesley

81. George Whitefield

82. Isaac Watts ( )
Whitefield specialized in open-air preaching, and Charles Wesley wrote 6000 hymns following the lead of Isaac Watts ( ) who began the Protestant hymn movement.

83. Wesley’s revival impact was tremendous. It influenced:
Robert Raikes who founded the Sunday School movement.
leaders in the Anglican Church to strive for revival.
the formation of mission societies, tract and literature ministries, prison ministry, medical missions, and later the Salvation Army.

84. Wesley’s revival impact was tremendous. It influenced: (Continued)
the founding of the Methodist denomination which has millions of members worldwide.
the evangelical movement still going on today.

85. Roger Williams ( )
Roger Williams was an Anglican minister who held “separatist” views. Williams was forced to leave the Congregational Church in Salem. In 1636, he fled into the wilderness and founded Providence, Rhode Island, where he also started the first (or possibly second) Baptist church in America.

86. William Penn
In 1681, Pennsylvania was established as a colony by the Quaker William Penn who opened up the colony to all varieties of religious refugees.

87. Statue of Francis Asbury located in Kentucky
Francis Asbury came in 1771, and by 1784 Methodism was firmly established with Asbury as the first American Bishop. Asbury Seminary was later founded to train Methodist pastors.

88. Table Discussion
How would you describe the state of the American church today?
What marks among Christians would signal to you that a revival was beginning to occur?

89. Jonathan Edwards ( )
Jonathan Edwards led the revival effort among the Congregationalists in New England. The revival broke out in 1734 and did not peak for 6 years.

90. The signing of the Declaration of Independence
The repressive political and religious policies of King George III of England against the colonies sparked the Declaration of Independence of 1776 by which the Thirteen American Colonies united in revolt against England and declared themselves one nation.

91. Some results of the war for American independence on the church were:
loss of church property.
loss of key members and clergy.
financial stress.
hardening of spiritual sensitivity.
apathy.
general spiritual decline.
churches had to be supported by voluntary contributions.
separation of Church and State by law.

92. The major issues centered on:
Church polity – which form of Church government to follow.
Salvation by personal conversion vs. salvation by baptism/church membership.
Religious toleration for differences in practice.
Deism, which as an acceptable orthodox view of God and life was officially rejected but still believed by many people.
Personal spiritual life vs. corporate church worship.

93. Voltaire ( ) was the French philosopher who helped spread the teachings of Deism and skepticism, which would ultimately force the Church toward revival to purify itself.

94. Christian Wolff ( ) was the German philosopher/theologian who sought to subject the Scriptures to the test of human reasoning. His rationalism would help shape Christian thinking in both negative and positive ways.

95. Immanuel Kant ( ) was the German philosopher who pushed rationalism to its limits and reduced religion to personal subjectivity while denying objective biblical revelation. Kant’s impact would be both negative and positive.

96. Louis XIV ( ) was the Catholic King of France whose relentless persecution of Protestant dissenters eventually led to the French Revolution, which forced a large number of Protestant refugees to flee to America.

97. Philip Jakob Spener ( ) was the German Lutheran who started the “pietist” movement, which sought to restore the personal spiritual element to church worship in opposition to cold formal ritual.

98. August Francke ( ) carried on the Pietist Lutheran movement which encouraged missionary activity and distribution of Scripture.

99. German Count Von Zinzendorf ( ) founded the Moravian Church which focused on personal spiritual conversion and greatly influenced the Wesleyan Revival.

100. George Fox ( ) founded the Quaker movement in England which redirected attention to the “Inner Light” ministry of the Holy Spirit in the personal lives of true believers and which rejected the organized Church.

101. John Wesley ( ) founded the Methodist Church and led the revival effort in England against deism, rationalism, and apathy, which would impact the world for years to come.

102. Charles Wesley ( ) was the great inspirational hymn writer and preacher who worked side by side with John in the Methodist Revival.

103. George Whitefield ( ) was the great outdoor preacher of the Wesleyan revivals in England and America.

104. Roger Williams ( ) founded the first Baptist Church in Providence, Rhode Island, which emphasized baptism by immersion, personal conversion, and separation of Church and State.

105. William Penn ( ) led the Quakers to Pennsylvania and helped establish a welcome religious refuge in the Middle Atlantic colonies which practiced religious and political freedom.

106. Jonathan Edwards ( ) led the Great Awakening Revival among the Congregational churches in New England.

107. Francis Asbury ( ) as the first Methodist Bishop was instrumental in establishing Methodism in America.

108. The influence of this period (Rationalism and Revival) on the Christian Church was significant:
Separation of Church and State became the rule, not the exception.
Personal spiritual life and practical moral living were exalted above ritualistic worship.
Denominational churches and religious toleration proved to be the answer for doctrinal differences and practice within “the Christian Church”.

109. The influence of this period (Rationalism and Revival) on the Christian Church was significant (cont.):
Personal conversion, rather than baptism and church membership, was emphasized.
In the face of deism, rationalism, and skepticism, Christians were forced to re-think their faith.
Revival encouraged personal and corporate spiritual vitality and energized mission efforts.

110. The influence of this period (Rationalism and Revival) on the Christian Church was significant (cont.):
Political and religious freedom is not always positive, for it can promote spiritual apathy and indifference.
It proved that men long for and must have a personal vital relationship with God.
The growth and development of larger denominations would shape the face of modern Christianity.