1. European Renaissance and Reformation
Chapter 17 Review
European Renaissance and Reformation

2. 17.4 The Reformation Continues
Other forms of Protestantism are developing throughout Europe.
Switzerland – another branch of Protestantism emerges – John Calvin

3. 17.4 The Reformation Continues
Switzerland
Huldrych Zwingli
Catholic priest in Zurich
Christian humanism and Lutheran reforms
Return to more personal faith of early Christianity
Believers should have control over church
Reforms adopted in Zurich
Killed during war between Swiss Protestants and Catholics

4. 17.4 The Reformation Continues
Switzerland (continued)
John Calvin “Calvinism”
Institutes of the Christian Religion – ideas about God, salvation, and human nature. Protestant theology (religious beliefs).
Men and women sinful by nature
God chooses few people to be saved “elect”.
Predestination – God knows who will be saved

5. 17.4 The Reformation Continues
Switzerland (continued)
John Calvin “Calvinism”
Ideal government – theocracy – controlled by religious leaders.
Geneva was a model city of high moral citizens
John Knox (Scotland)
Studied Calvin and implemented his ideas in Scotland
Presbyterians
Deposed Catholic ruler (Mary Queen gone, her son, James takes control)
Protestant churches today trace their roots to Calvin’s strict teachings

6. 17.4 The Reformation Continues
France
Huguenots – Calvin’s followers
Tension between Catholics led to violence
Catholic feast of St. Bartholomew’s Day started with murder/massacre of Protestants – lasted 6 months.

7. 17.4 The Reformation Continues
Anabaptists (baptize again)
Baptized only those persons who are old enough to decide to be a Christian
Children should be re-baptized as adults
Separation of church and state
Refused to fight in war
Shared possessions
Catholics and Protestants persecuted them
Influenced Quakers and Baptists

8. 17.4 The Reformation Continues
Women
Marguerite of Navarre protected Calvin from execution.
Katherina Zell scolded a minister for speaking harshly of a reformer.
Katherina von Bora was Luther’s wife. Helped those in need and sought an equal role in marriage

9. 17.4 The Reformation Continues
Catholic Reformation
Self reform
Ignatius of Loyola (Spain)
Injured in war
Daily devotions cleansed his soul
Spiritual Exercises – meditation, prayer and study
Jesuits
Founded schools
Convert non Christians to Catholicism
Stop the spread of Protestantism

10. 17.4 The Reformation Continues
Catholic Reformation
Paul III
Directed a council of cardinals to investigate indulgence selling and abuses
Approved the Jesuit order
Used Inquisition to seek out heresy in papal territory
Council of Church leaders met in Trent (N Italy)

11. 17.4 The Reformation Continues
Catholic Reformation
Council of Trent (Bishops and Cardinals)
Church’s interpretation of the Bible is final – self interpretation is heresy
Faith and good works for salvation – not faith alone
Bible and Church equally powerful authorities for guiding Christian life
Indulgences valid expressions of faith but selling them was banned.

12. 17.4 The Reformation Continues
Legacy
Ended Christian unity in Europe and created a cultural divide
Protestant churches flourished
Roman Catholic Church unified
Education important
Parish schools and colleges founded throughout Europe

13. 17.4 The Reformation Continues
Legacy (continued)
No change for women – limited to home and family.
Individual monarchs and states gain power.
Nation states developed.
War, exploration, and expansion (to increase power)