1. The Biomechanics of Human Bone Growth and Development
Chapter 4
The Biomechanics of Human Bone Growth and Development
Basic Biomechanics, 7th edition
By Susan J. Hall, Ph.D.
© 2014 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
McGraw-Hill/Irwin

2. Composition and Structure of Bone
What is stiffness?
(Stress/strain in a loaded material; stress divided by the relative amount of change in shape)(Think of this as the amount of deflection that a load causes in a material.)
What is compressive strength?
(Ability to resist compression, or the maximum load that a material can withstand before permanently deforming or breaking)
Basic Biomechanics, 7th edition
By Susan J. Hall, Ph.D.

3. Composition and Structure of Bone
What contributes to stiffness and compressive strength in bone?
Calcium carbonate
Calcium phosphate
Basic Biomechanics, 7th edition
By Susan J. Hall, Ph.D.

4. Composition and Structure of Bone
What contributes to flexibility and tensile strength (ability to resist tension) in bone?
(Collagen)
What is the effect of aging on collagen in bone?
(Collagen is progressively lost and bone brittleness increases with aging)
Basic Biomechanics, 7th edition
By Susan J. Hall, Ph.D.

5. Composition and Structure of Bone
What else affects bone strength?
Water content of bone, which comprises 25%-30% of bone weight
Bone porosity, or the amount of bone volume filled with pores or cavities
Basic Biomechanics, 7th edition
By Susan J. Hall, Ph.D.

6. Composition and Structure of Bone
Categories of bone based on porosity:
Cortical bone: compact mineralized bone with low porosity; found in the shafts of long bones
Trabecular (or cancellous) bone: less compact bone with high porosity; found in the ends of long bones and the vertebrae
Basic Biomechanics, 7th edition
By Susan J. Hall, Ph.D.

7. Composition and Structure of Bone
Endosteum
Cortical bone
Marrow
Periosteum
Trabecular bone
Proximal epiphysis
Epiphyseal plate
Diaphysis
Nutrient artery
Medullary cavity
Distal epiphysis
Structures of cortical (compact) and trabecular (spongy) bone.
Basic Biomechanics, 7th edition
By Susan J. Hall, Ph.D.

8. Composition and Structure of Bone
Cortical bone is stiffer than trabecular bone, enabling it to withstand more stress but less strain.
Trabecular bone is spongier than trabecular bone, so it can undergo more strain before fracturing.
Cortical bone
Trabecular bone
Model of bone with dense cortical bone surrounding trabecular bone
Basic Biomechanics, 7th edition
By Susan J. Hall, Ph.D.

9. Composition and Structure of Bone
How does the structure of bone affect its strength?
(Bone is anisotropic, it has different strength and stiffness depending on the direction of the load)
Basic Biomechanics, 7th edition
By Susan J. Hall, Ph.D.

10. Composition and Structure of Bone
SHEAR
TENSION
COMPRESSION
Stress to Fracture
Bone is strongest in resisting compression and weakest in resisting shear.
How does the structure of bone affect its strength?
Basic Biomechanics, 7th edition
By Susan J. Hall, Ph.D.

11. Basic Biomechanics, 7th edition
Types of Bones
Axial skeleton: skull, vertebrae, sternum, ribs
Appendicular skeleton: bones composing the body appendages
Basic Biomechanics, 7th edition
By Susan J. Hall, Ph.D.

12. Basic Biomechanics, 7th edition
Types of Bones
The carpal bones of the wrist are approximately cubical in shape and are examples of short bones.
Basic Biomechanics, 7th edition
By Susan J. Hall, Ph.D.

13. Basic Biomechanics, 7th edition
Types of Bones
The scapula is an example of a flat bone that protects organs and provides surfaces for muscle attachments.
Basic Biomechanics, 7th edition
By Susan J. Hall, Ph.D.

14. Basic Biomechanics, 7th edition
Types of Bones
Irregular bones, such as the axis, (the second cervical vertebra), have different shapes to serve different specialized functions.
Basic Biomechanics, 7th edition
By Susan J. Hall, Ph.D.

15. Basic Biomechanics, 7th edition
Types of Bones
Long bones, such as the femur, form the framework of the appendicular skeleton.
Basic Biomechanics, 7th edition
By Susan J. Hall, Ph.D.

16. Bone Growth and Development
How do bones grow in length?
The epiphyses, or epiphyseal plates, are growth centers where new bone cells are produced until the epiphysis closes during late adolescence or early adulthood.
epiphysis
Basic Biomechanics, 7th edition
By Susan J. Hall, Ph.D.

17. Bone Growth and Development
How do bones grow in circumference?
The inner layer of the periosteum, a double-layered membrane covering bone, builds concentric layers of new bone on top of existing ones
Specialized cells called osteoblasts build new bone tissue and osteoclasts resorb bone tissue
Basic Biomechanics, 7th edition
By Susan J. Hall, Ph.D.

18. Bone Response to Stress
How do bones respond to training?
Just like muscle, bones respond to certain kinds of training by hypertrophying
According to Wolff’s law, the densities, and to a lesser extent, the sizes and shapes of bones are determined by the magnitude and direction of the acting forces
Basic Biomechanics, 7th edition
By Susan J. Hall, Ph.D.

19. Bone Response to Stress
Bones in the dominant arm of professional tennis players often display hypertrophy.
Basic Biomechanics, 7th edition
By Susan J. Hall, Ph.D.

20. Bone Response to Stress
How is Wolff’s law carried out?
Osteoblasts and osteoclasts are continually building and resorbing bone, respectively.
Increased or decreased mechanical stress leads to a predominance of osteoblast or osteoclast activity, respectively.
Basic Biomechanics, 7th edition
By Susan J. Hall, Ph.D.

21. Bone Response to Stress
Weight bearing exercise promotes bone development, since the larger the forces acting on the skeletal system, the greater the osteoblast response.
Basic Biomechanics, 7th edition
By Susan J. Hall, Ph.D.

22. Bone Response to Stress
What tends to diminish bone density?
Lack of weight bearing exercise
Spending time in the water, (since the buoyant force counteracts gravitational force)
Bed rest
Traveling in space outside of the earth’s gravitational field
Basic Biomechanics, 7th edition
By Susan J. Hall, Ph.D.

23. Bone Response to Stress
To help maintain bone and muscle, astronauts on the space station exercise with straps holding them down on specialized treadmill surfaces,.Photo courtesy of NASA.
Basic Biomechanics, 7th edition
By Susan J. Hall, Ph.D.

24. Basic Biomechanics, 7th edition
Osteoporosis
Osteoporosis is a disorder involving decreased bone mass and strength with pain and one or more fractures resulting from daily activity.
Basic Biomechanics, 7th edition
By Susan J. Hall, Ph.D.

25. Basic Biomechanics, 7th edition
Osteoporosis
Who is affected by osteoporosis?
Type I (postmenopausal) osteoporosis affects about 40% of women after age 50
Type II (age-associated) osteoporosis affects most women and men after age 70
Basic Biomechanics, 7th edition
By Susan J. Hall, Ph.D.

26. Basic Biomechanics, 7th edition
Osteoporosis
Are younger people ever affected by osteoporosis?
The female athlete triad includes:
disordered eating
amenorrhea
osteoporosis
Basic Biomechanics, 7th edition
By Susan J. Hall, Ph.D.

27. Basic Biomechanics, 7th edition
Osteoporosis
How can osteoporosis be prevented and treated?
(Regular weight bearing exercise is the key to prevention and treatment)
Basic Biomechanics, 7th edition
By Susan J. Hall, Ph.D.

28. Basic Biomechanics, 7th edition
Osteoporosis
How can osteoporosis be prevented and treated?
Other strategies include:
Postmenopausal hormone replacement
Adequate dietary calcium and vitamin D
Avoiding smoking and excessive consumption of protein, caffeine, and alcohol
Basic Biomechanics, 7th edition
By Susan J. Hall, Ph.D.