1. Semantics

2. Semantics
Definition
Semantics is the study of the meaning of words, phrases and sentences
Semantic analysis focuses on what the words conventionally mean, rather than on what a speaker might want the words to mean on a particular situation.

3. Semantics There are two basic categories of meaning:
Conceptual or denotative:
It covers those basic, essential components of meaning which are conveyed by the literal use of a word. The first meaning in a dictionary
Associative or connotative:
When the real meaning of a word is associated to the context, and to social or cultural behaviour .
The idea of woman associated to kindness, weakness, maternity... Poets and advertisers make use of associative meanings most

4. Semantics The boy eats the apple > appropriate and acceptable
The apple eats the boy > appropriate but not acceptable because [eat] requires a noun that denote entities with capabilites of 'eating'
These entities are called semantic features or 'semantemes' (it. Semi).
Each semantic feature fulfills a semantic role within the situation described by the sentence.

5. Semantics Semantic features
They are the intrinsic components of meaning which determine the use of a word in combination with other words.
The verb [eat] requires a noun subject which has a precise property: +animate
+animate Vs -animate
+human Vs – human
+ male Vs – male
+ adult Vs - adult (es: table, hen, girl, woman, man, boy)‏
The is reading a book > we can predict the words which can make the sentence acceptable

6. Semantics Semantic roles
An entity, a component can play different roles in accordance with the context expressed in the sentence:
Agent:The boy ate the apple (who/what performs the action)
Theme:The boy ate the apple (what is involved in the action)‏
The car is white (the entity affected by the action)‏
Instrument: He eats with a spoon
Experiencer:(when the entity perceives, feels,) I heard that noise ( I = experiencer; noise = theme)
Location: The picture is on the wall
Source: She borrowed a pen from Mary
Goal: He gave the book to Mary

7. Semantics Lexical relations
The meaning of the words derives not only from their components and the roles they fulfill but also by the relationships they establish with other words:
Synonymy Antonymy Hyponymy
Homophony Homonimy Polisemy
Metonimy Collocation

8. Semantics
Synonyms: broad-wide; almost-nearly; liberty-freedom; answer-replay
Antonyms: hot-cold; happy-sad; male-female
Hyponyms: dog-animal, carrot-vegetable, woman- human-mammal>hierarchical diagram
Homophons: meat-meet, flour-flower;
Homonyms: bank(of a river)-bank(institution);
Pupil (in the eye)- pupil (at school)> not related meaning
Polysemic words: head/foot (of a body, a mountain, a bed); run (person, water, colors, programme)‏

9. Semantics Metonymy: ex: He drank the whole bottle (juice/a)‏
The White House announced (president/c)‏
Take Shakespeare with you (the book/b)‏
Having a roof over you head (a house/a)‏
Relations:a) container-content
b) a whole-part relationship
c) a representative-symbol relationship

10. Semantics Collocations
FIXED COLLOCATIONS > idioms, proverbs, ways of saying: “It rains cats and dogs”
STRONG COLLOCATIONS > specific combinations, associations beteween a word and a strict number of words: “inclement weather”; “adjurn a meeting/trial” (NOT update);
WEAK COLLOCATIONS > associations between a word and a wide range of words: “broad+ avenue, shoulders, smile, accent”.

11. Semantics
There are four collocation errors in this paragraph. Correct them:
The yellow-haired boy said he had joined the English class to get some new friends. He also said that he wanted to learn about collocations because it would be of big importance in helping him to do fewer mistakes when writing in English.

12. Solution
The blond-haired boy said he had joined the English class to make some new friends. He also said that he wanted to learn about collocations because it would be of great importance in helping him to make fewer mistakes when writing in English.

13. Semantics Collocations
A combination of words which frequently occur together.
hammer-nail; butter-bread; salt-pepper
Make + decision, complaint, mistake, attempt, arrengements
Do + research, survey
Blond hair Vs yellow hair ( NO)‏
Heavy rain Vs strong rain (NO)‏
Great importance Vs big importance (NO)‏

14. Activity
Identify the semantic roles of all noun phrases in this sentence:
With his new golf club, Fred whacked the ball from the woods to the grassy area near the river and he felt good.

15. Answer
With his new golf club INSTRUMENT, Fred AGENT whacked the ball THEME from the woods SOURCE to the grassy area GOAL near the river LOCATION and he EXPERIENCER felt good.