1. Legal Skills 411
Presented by: Chantelle H Louw

2. Technical Presentation
Word count = words incl footnotes and bibliography
The format must be:
12 points, Arial font,
with 1.5 line spacing, 0 before 0 after,
2.54 margins all around and justified alignment.
Use a left indent, of 0.5 cm at the beginning of every paragraph, excluding the first paragraph under any heading.
Footnotes should be formatted in the following way:
10 points Arial font, with single line spacing, paragraph spacing 0 before and 0 after, justified alignment.
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3. Technical Presentation
Headings should be formatted in the following way: 1 Level one 1 1 Level two Level three Leave a full line space only before a level one (main) heading otherwise there must be no spaces in-between the level two and three (sub) headings. For example: 4 Access to justice in international human rights law 4 1 Access to justice as a peremptory norm of international law The Protocol to the African Court 5 Does access to justice mandate direct access of individuals and NGOs before the African Court?

4. Research outline - overview
In your research outline, you need to describe your intended or planned approach which you will use to answer your research question (“RQ”).
This include:
What methods are you going to use to answer your RQ and achieve your research aims?
What sources are you going to consult?
How are these sources going to assist you to answer your RQ? Are they appropriate and the most relevant and up to date academic sources relevant to your topic?
What approach are you going to adopt towards analysing and evaluating your materials? Example: Critical legal approach? Comparative analysis?

5. Address the following in your RO
Introduction and aim (what am I writing about and why?) A description of the research problem and an indication as to relevance/importance/motivation of the problem
Research problem – set out the most important concepts (What)
Research question(s) that need to be answered – try to produce one over-arching research question and a corresponding hypothesis (a proposition on how to approach the research question – a theory to test).
Methodology – what methods are you going to use to answer your RQ.
Limitations – The things that you are not doing and why not.
Literature review – A review of relevant literature (be realistic and make sure you read the literature before reviewing it).
Bibliography – divided into source read and sources to be read.

6. Suggested headings for RO
Introduction
Research problem
Research question and research hypothesis
Methodology
Limitations
Literature review
Provisional bibliography
NB. Your lecturer’s instructions take preference – some lecturers prefer a more concise RO, some prefer not to include a literature review or a hypothesis, etc. – make sure you know what your lecturer expects of you and follow those instructions.

7. Introduction
This part briefly discusses the background to your research.
The introduction of your paper will discuss the research problem and research aims which you have identified (the what and the why).
What is the problem? Set out the most important concepts (ideas/theories)
The primary purpose of an introduction is not to summarise the content of your paper. The purpose of an introduction is simply to explain to your reader what you are writing about as well as the legal context within which your discussion takes place.

8. Research question
What is the particular overarching question that the research will address? This may lead you to a sub- question (or two).
Some questions will be to the point, some you will have to narrow down.
An example of a research question could be:
“The research question that this research paper will address is whether, in light of the increasing emphasis placed on the protection of women’s rights by the international and Southern African communities, the recognition and application of legal pluralism is necessary in the protection of women’s rights in the context of African customary marriages in South Africa and Namibia.”

9. Hypothesis
Hypothesis = assumption or a theory “a supposition or proposed explanation made on the basis of limited evidence as a starting point for further investigation.”
Based on your research so far, what is your theory on your research topic?
An example of such a hypothesis could be:
“The constitutional and legislative recognition of customary law and more specifically African customary marriage, allows the legislators to regulate aspects of the customary law that prove harmful to the rights of women.”

10. Methodology
What methods are you going to use to answer your research question and to achieve your aims (one paragraph of 3-6 sentences)
What sources are you going to consult?
How are these sources going to assist you to answer your research question? (not to be confused with the Literature Review)
Are they the most appropriate, up to date and academic sources relevant to your topic?
What approach are you going to adopt to analyse and evaluate your materials?

11. Limitations
The things that you are not doing (and why you have chosen not to do them).
For example:
“Affirmative action debates often focus on the sphere of labour law. Other areas which are affected by affirmative action policies include preferential procurement of government tenders; education, especially higher education; and social welfare spending. Although I will inevitably refer to these contexts, particularly the employment context, I will not attempt to provide a detailed and exhaustive analysis of the legislation in question or of its interpretation by the courts.”*
* EL Nel The justifications and limits of affirmative action : a jurisprudential and legal critique LLD thesis, Stellenbosch University (2012) 12.

12. Literature review
The literature review should be a page or so which means paragraphs words. The aim is to find a few relevant, comparable sources, if that is 3 or 5 sources depends on the topic but the sources has to be authoritative, comparable and relevant”
Essentially a literature review tells your reader what specific part of a specific source is going to assist you to answers a specific question or address a specific research aim.
It is important that your literature review is more than just a list of references with a short summary of each one.

13. Bibliography Consists of two sections: Sources read
Sourced that you are planning to read
Sub-categories:
Case law (SA; foreign law; international law)
Legislation
Journal articles
Books and chapters in edited collections
International instruments (e.g. Declarations, conventions, general comments etc.)
Other documents (e.g., newspaper articles, internet sources)

14. Conduct legal research
Points to remember:
Ensure your research is authoritative, comparable and relevant.
For example:
Peer reviewed journal articles;
Books, chapters in books etc.;
Legislation and case law.
The aim is to extract key points by comparing and contrasting across studies, instead of reading one paper after another.