1. Today’s Lecture Midterm Review Mihrimah Sultan and mosque complexes of Royal Family

2. Who were the ruling elite in the Ottoman society
Who were the ruling elite in the Ottoman society? What is one of the major institution of the urban life?

3. THE RULERS AND THE RULED
Ruling elite (askeri)
Sultan and his household
Army
central army (janissaries, kapıkulu sipahi etc)
timar-holding cavalry
Bureocrats
Religio-administrative cadre (ulema, sing. alim)
Privileges including tax exemption
The subjects (reaya)
Peasants, town and city dwellers, and nomads.
Both Muslim and non-Muslim.

4. Urban Structure
Vakf (waqf) : pious endowment
Vakfiye : the deed of endowment, drawn up before a kadi, entered in his registers and confirmed by the sultan.
Continued existence, because profits from a source, does not impair the capital
Legal fiction, only God has propriety rights, even if government and states change in theory the continuation guaranteed.
İmaret (complex): supported by a vakf
may consist of mosque, fountain, tomb, schools (primary, hadith, medicine, law), hospital, sufi lodge, soup kitchen, carvanserai, hamam, shops

5. What do we learn about the history of Istanbul from the Foundation story about the Prophet Solaman from `Legends of Istanbul` composed in late fifteenth century?

6. What were some of the major periods in the history of Istanbul from the first Istanbulites until the Ottomans?

7. First settlements
7th millennium BC
Greek Colony
7th cent BC
Roman Empire
1st cent
Byzantium
4th to 15th cents
Constantine, 4th cent
Justinian, 6th cent
Golden Horn: Classical Greek and Roman Periods from Byzantion to Byzantium

8. Prehistoric Istanbul

9. Silahtarağa Fountain 2nd Century , Sarcophagus of a prince 4th Century, Hypogeum, 5th century.

10. Icon of St. Eudokia, 10th century.

11. What were some of the major monuments of the Byzantine Constantinople
What were some of the major monuments of the Byzantine Constantinople? What were their use and symbolic significance?

12. From the Hippodrome
Egyptian Obelisk, 16th century BCE
a pharoah commemorate a victory in Syria
brought by Constantine but raised by Theodosius the Great
Serpent Column, 5th cent BCE
Greek cities celebrate vıctory over Persians
brought by Constantine from Delphi

13. How did Mehmed II turn Byzantine Constantinople into Ottoman Istanbul?

14. Population of Istanbul Earliest Report from 1477

15. Rebuilding Complex of Mehmed II Covered market (right), aquedocs City Walls, Fortress of Yedikule (left, here a depiction from 17th century) İmarets by the ruling elite such as vezirs Rum Mehmed Paşa and Mahmud Paşa

16. If you wish to stand in high honor on the sultan’s threshold
You must be a Jew or a Persian or a Frank
You must choose the name Habil, Kabil, Hamidi
And behave like Zorzo: show no knowledge
By a certain Çatladı, a courtier of Mehmed II
Complexes built by the ruling elite Rum Mehmed Paşa complex (left) Mahmud Paşa Complex (right)

17. Symbolic Re-Structuring

18. Medal of Mehmet II, Bertoldo Di Giovanni, 1480s
What was the imperial image which Mehmed II tried to build through his patronage of arts and architecture?
Medal of Mehmet II, Bertoldo Di Giovanni, 1480s

19. How does the architecture of the palace and its functions reflect the centralizing process of the Ottoman state? Identify the three courts and main buildings of the palace. Describe their functions.

20. What do we learn from an Imperial family’s patronage of architecture about the history of Ottoman Istanbul?

21. Süleymaniye Mosque, Istanbul.

23. Haseki Hürrem Baths in Sultanahmet (left)
Haseki Mosque Complex in Haseki, (right) and Floor plan of complex showing (1) mosque with 1612 extension, (2) madrasa, (3) elementary school, (4) hospice, (5) hospital

24. Review complexes of the Royal Family4 5 6 3 1 2
Review complexes of the Royal Family
Süleyman , 2. Haseki, 3. Mehmed 4. Cihangir 5. Mihrümah 6. Rüstem.

25. Mosque Complexes of Three Siblings Mehmed (top left), Cihangir (top right, here 19th century rebuilding), Mihrimah in Üsküdar (bottom left) and Edirnekapı (bottom right)

26. Mosques of Mihrimah Sultan in Üsküdar (left) and Rüstem Paşa in Eminönü (right)

27. Mihrimah Sultan Complex in Üsküdar
(1) mosque, (2) madrasa, (3) elementary school, (4) mausoleum of Cigalazade Sinan Pasa (d. 1605), (5) mausoleum of Edhem Pasa ( ), (6) cemetery garden

28. Rüstem Paşa Complex, Tahtakale (1) pre-existing bathhouse, (2) ablution fountain (3) Küçük Çukur Han, (4) Büyük Çukur Han, (5) Burmali Han (law court), (6) courtyard of the law court, (7) cemetery garden

30. Midterm Review
What do you think is problematic with these sentences?
In the 1500s, Ottoman Empire became the strongest power in the world. Enemies were afraid to come to face-to-face with the Ottomans in the battlefield.
Mehmed II wanted to prove himself to the word from his childhood.
There, behind the gates of İstanbul, Mehmed II saw a different world, his dream.
Mehmed II took Alexander the Great as his model and he was interested in the chronicles of the popes. This education allowed him to become a successful sultan.