1. Community impacts of hate crime
Dr Jenny Paterson,
Dr Mark Walters & Prof. Rupert Brown
Sussex Hate Crime Project

2. Impacts of hate crime Hate crimes ‘hurt more’ than non-hate crimes
Victims report more anger, depression, anxiety, PTSD
They are also assumed to have significant impacts on entire communities -
Sends messages of intolerance and hatred
Spread fear
Increases isolation and ostracism

3. The Sussex Hate Crime Project
First quantitative investigation into the indirect impacts using two commonly targeted communities: Muslim and LGB&T
5 years: 2 large scale surveys, 12 experiments, 20+ interviews
Potential community impacts
Vulnerability
Emotional reactions
Behaviours
Perceptions of the criminal justice system

4. Muslim survey (347)
Based on experiences with physical assaults, there were 3 groups:
No experience: 50% of participants had not been a victim of an Islamophobic assault and did not personally know of a victim.
Indirect: 34% had not been a victim of an Islamophobic assault but did personally know of a victim.
Direct & Indirect: 16% had been a victim of an Islamophobic assault and personally knew of another victim.

5. Threat & Emotions * * * * * *
* Indicates a significant difference at p < .05

6. Behavioural intentions* * * * * *
* Indicates a significant difference at p < .05

7. Recap
Hate crimes have substantial impacts that spread throughout targeted communities.
Simply knowing of another victim of a hate crime increases...
Feelings of threat
Anger
Anxiety
Avoidance
Security-related behaviours
Pro-action

8. Police attitudes * * * * * * * *
* Indicates a significant difference at p < .05

9. CJS attitudes * * * * * *
* Indicates a significant difference at p < .05

10. Summary
In addition to the emotional and behavioural impacts, community impacts include:
Negative perceptions of the police
Negative perceptions of the CPS
Support for hate crime legislation
Desire for the government to do more

11. Implications
Hate crimes DO have a considerable impact on other members of the community
Highlights the need to report hate crimes (if not for you – for others)
Informs practitioners of the community impacts and possible ways to harness the heightened emotional reactions
Supports hate crime legislation
Informs the police, CPS and government

12. Hot off the press..... Pro-action Anger Indirect Avoidance Threat
Anxiety
Direct
Security
Shame
Schematic of community impacts - examines the associations throughout the sample (i.e., not just looking at three groups)
Feeling anger and anxiety together is especially motivating
Retaliation

13. Thank you Sussex Hate Crime Project
Dr Jenny Paterson
Dr Mark Walters
Professor Rupert Brown