1. Chapter 1B Notes
-Physical and chemical changes are usually accompanied by energy changes energy- the capacity to do work work- action of a force (push or pull) through a distance kinetic energy (KE)- energy of motion potential energy (PE)- energy of position -potential energy is converted to kinetic energy when a force acts on an object total energy = KE + PE

2. thermal energy- energy associated with the temp of an object ex- weight held up high (PE), then dropped (KE), then hits the ground (thermal energy) -KE is transferred into the ground increasing the temp of the ground a slight amount Law of Conservation of Energy- energy is neither created nor destroyed -back to example- PE becomes KE which becomes thermal energy and is released -when potential energy is high, object is less stable

3. Types of Measurement
1) Qualitative
-gives descriptive non-numeric results
ex- feeling someone’s head for a fever
*may be different from person to person
Quantitative
-gives definite numeric results
ex- using thermometer to check for fever

4. International System of Units (SI) – system of measurement based on the metric system used by scientists globally Measurement Length- size, distance -basic unit is the meter (m) 1 meter = inches -Find your height in meters!!!

5. Mass- the amount of matter in an object -basic unit is the gram (g) g = 1 lb -Find your weight in grams!! weight- measure of the pull of gravity on a given mass -mass is always the same, but weight can change -weight on the moon is 1/6 your weight on the Earth -Find your weight on the moon!!

6. Volume- the amount of space an object occupies -basic unit is the Liter (L) 1 L = 1.06 quarts -anything cubed is also a volume **1 milliliter = 1 cm3 HOW?? (length)(width)(height/thickness) = volume (cm)(cm)(cm) = cm3 (cc) = mL Time -basic unit is the second (s) -most familiar unit of measurement

7. Temperature- how hot or cold something is, average kinetic energy -basic unit is kelvin (K) -avoids negative numbers by assigning coldest temperature possible (-273°C or -459°F) at 0K, absolute zero 273 K = 0°C K°C = K °C K = °C Celsius (°C) is mostly used by scientists

8. °F  °C = (°F -32) ºC ºF = (1. 8)(ºC) + 32 1
°F  °C = (°F -32) ºC ºF = (1.8)(ºC) Convert normal body temp of 98.6°F to °C and Kelvin!! (98.6°F = 37°C = 310K) Common Conversions 1km = 0.62 mi 1m = in 1in = 2.54 cm 1kg = 2.2 lbs 1lb = g 1oz = 28.35g 1L= 1.06 qt 1 gal = 3.79 L

9. Metric System -based on scales/multiples of 10 -uses prefixes to convert numbers **Table** Practice 980 fg = ? ng 1000 mm = ? µm 20 EL = ? GL ag = ? pg dm = ? km 1.2 hL = ? nL cg = ? Dg 3 00 Mm = ? Tm L = ? PL 4300 nm = ? mm

10. Density- ratio of the mass of a substance to its volume
Density- ratio of the mass of a substance to its volume *page 20 Table 1.4 Density = mass/volume d = m/V density = g/cm3 or g/mL mass = (density)(volume) m = dV volume = mass/density V = m/d Page 20- Example 1.3

11. intensive property- property that is independent of the amount of substance ex- density extensive property- property that depends on the amount of a substance ex- mass Scientific Notation -used to make large numbers look smaller and small numbers look larger *number (between 1 and 10) x 10n ex: x x 10-3

12. Significant Figures
-in science, measurements are reported so that every digit is certain except for the last one
Rules for Counting Sig Figs
all non zero digits are significant
all zeroes between two #’s are significant
all zeroes to the right of a # without a decimal point are NOT significant
all zeroes to the right of a # with a decimal point are significant

13. 5) all zeroes to the left of a number containing a decimal point are NOT significant
if counting, all numbers are significant
Examples
1100m ML 2003g
(2) (3) (4)
3000 cars
(4) (3) (4)

14. Atlantic Rule -if a decimal point is absent, start counting from the first non-zero digit from the Atlantic Ocean side inland (right  left) Pacific Rule -if a decimal point is present, start counting from the first non-zero digit from the Pacific Ocean side inland (left  right) **All #’s significant when counting 10400L 308g m L 230L g 5600mg 200 pens

15. Multiplying/Dividing Sig Figs -the answer must have the same number of sig figs as the factor with the fewest sig figs Ex- (40)(56)(340) (1 sig fig) Ex ÷ (3 sig figs)

16. Adding/Subtracting Sig Figs -the result must have the same number of decimal places as the quantity with the fewest decimal places Ex (2 decimal places) Ex- 5.9 – (1 decimal place)

17. Problems With Multiple Operations Ex 1. 002 – 0. 999 3. 754 0. 003 0
Problems With Multiple Operations Ex – (1 sig fig) Try pg. 26 Ex 1.6 and pg. 27 Practice 1.6

18. Precision- how close a series of measurements are to one another Accuracy- how close measured values are to the actual value *Can be precise, but not accurate or vice versa