1. Confined Spaces
SUBPART C

2. The Need for OSHA Confined Space Regulations
Following this class, you will be able to:
Define confined spaces
Identify examples of confined spaces
Identify various reasons for entering confined spaces as a sheet metal worker
Identify the characteristics of permit-required confined spaces
Identify hazards of confined spaces

3. What is a confined space?
A "confined or enclosed space" means any space having a limited means of egress, which is subject to the accumulation of toxic or flammable contaminants or has an oxygen deficient or enriched atmosphere.

4. What are the characteristics of confined spaces?
Limited or restricted means of entry or exit
Large enough for an employee to enter and perform assigned work
Not designed for continuous occupancy by the employee

5. Examples of Confined Spaces
Boilers
Sewers
Tunnels
Manholes
Tank Cars
Diked Areas
Storage Bins
Vaults
Wells
Pumping Stations
Water Meter Chambers
Open Top Spaces More than 4 Feet Deep

6. Why would I, a sheet metal worker, need to enter a confined space?
Repair
Installation
Inspections
Maintenance
Cleanup

7. What Are Other Confined Space Hazards?
These hazards can keep you from escaping.
space narrows
corrosive chemicals
noise
electricity
poor lighting
extreme heat or cold
falling objects
falls
mechanical hazards

8. What Are the Hazards of Confined Spaces?
A hazard in a confined space can be grouped into the following categories:
Other (10%)
Engulfment
in Loose Materials (34%)
Atmospheric Hazards (56%)
Confined Space Deaths
About 36% of confined space deaths are would-be rescuers.

9. Pockets of air below the surface of a flowable solid can give way.
What Is Engulfment?
Engulfment can happen when there is a liquid or a ‘flowable’ solid in a confined space.
Pockets of air below the surface of a flowable solid can give way.

10. Possible Engulfment Hazards Are:
Water
Grain,
Starch powder,
Ore,
Coal,
Sawdust, or
Wood chips

11. What Are Atmospheric Hazards?
They suffocate you, poison you, or
cause an explosion.
Confined space hazards that may already exist. :
no air movement
harmful build-ups of gases, vapors, or dusts
ordinary products which become deadly
lack of or too much oxygen
Oxygen enrichment happens when oxygen is added to space.
Lack of oxygen happens when oxygen is consumed or displaced.
Atmospheric hazards in confined
spaces are very serious.

12. Atmospheric hazards may be:
CAUSED BY:
Products
Work performed
Adjacent areas

13. Atmospheric hazards may be:
Flammable
Oxygen-enriched air
Dust particles
Flammable gas or vapor

14. Atmospheric Hazard? Oxygen Deficient Oxygen Enrichment
Atmospheric hazards may be:
Oxygen Deficient
Consumption
Displacement
Oxygen Enrichment
Normal oxygen 19.5% %

15. Oxygen Deficient Atmosphere
% of Oxygen
Effects
19.5%
Minimum acceptable oxygen level
15-19%
Decreased ability to work strenuously, coordination impaired
12-14%
Respiration increases, poor judgment
10-12%
Respiration increases, lips turn blue
8-10%
Mental failure, fainting, nausea
6-8%
4-5 minutes – possible recovery
6 minutes – 50% fatal
8 minutes - fatal
4-6%
Coma in 40 seconds then death

16. Atmospheric Hazard? Hydrogen Sulfide
Decomposition of materials. Human waste.
Rotten egg odor at low concentrations.
Possibly no warning at high concentrations.
PPM Effect Time
10 ppm Permissible Exposure Level 8 Hours
Mild Irritation - eyes, throat 1 Hour
Significant Irritation 1 Hour
Unconsciousness, Death >1 Hour
> Unconsciousness, Death Minutes

17. Atmospheric Hazard? CARBON MONOXIDE PPM Effect Time
Odorless, Colorless Gas
Combustion By-Product
Nausea and headache
Irritation
PPM Effect Time
50 Permissible Exposure Level 8 Hours
200 Slight headache, discomfort 3 Hours
600 Headache, discomfort 1 Hour
Confusion, nausea, headache 2 Hours
Tendency to stagger 1 1/2 Hours
Slight heart palpitation 30 Min.
Unconsciousness 30 Min.

18. Confined Space Video

19. Test the Atmosphere In this order: Check for Oxygen Content:
At least 19.5% and less than 23.5%
Check for Combustibles:
Less than 10% of the LEL
Check for Toxic Gasses:
Most commonly carbon monoxide (PEL <35 ppm)
or any other hazardous materials as determined by the use of the space.

20. THERE ARE NO EXCEPTIONS TO THIS!
NOTICE:
Any time a limit is exceeded, no matter what the reason, all personnel shall immediately exit the space, and no others shall enter until atmospheric conditions are returned to safe levels.
THERE ARE NO EXCEPTIONS TO THIS!

21. Atmosphere Testing Shall Be Performed:
Prior to every entry when the space is vacant;
After a 10 minute ventilation period (if ventilation is necessary);
At least hourly for permit-required confined spaces.
More frequently, if conditions or suspicions warrant.

22. Test the Atmosphere Always test the air at various levels Good Air
Poor Air
Deadly Air
Always test the
air at various levels
to be sure that the
entire space is safe.
Good air near the opening
does NOT mean there is good air at the bottom!

23. Ventilate the Space Use mechanical ventilation
Fans
Air horns
Ventilate at the rate of at least four
(4) volumes per hour
Larger spaces require more ventilation
Make sure air supply is not contaminated
Ventilation air supply must be from fresh air uncontaminated with flammables, toxins, etc.

24. Construction and General Industry Standards
OSHA has separate standards for each.
General Industry – (requires written program and entry permit)
routine maintenance
relining a furnace
tuck pointing in a manhole
relining a sewer
repainting
Construction
reconfiguring space
installing new equipment
MNOSHA Chapter
new construction
installing new equipment

25. Types of Work Performed under the General Standard
Repairing HVAC work
Repairing dust collection systems
Replacing filters in a plenum
Inspecting filters in a clean room environment
Cutting in a cyclone
Replacing louvers in a drying oven

26. How Does OSHA Regulate Confined Spaces?
OSHA has these construction standards.
(b)(6)(1)
(b)(6)(ii)
(g)
(b)(1)
(b)(2)
Requires training for employees who enter confined or enclosed spaces; requires the employer to protect employees from recognized hazards in confined spaces.
Defines the confined and enclosed places which require training.
Fire prevention measures associated with use of fuel gas and oxygen in confined spaces.
Requirement for exhaust ventilation when welding, cutting, or heating in confined spaces.
Requires airline respirators and a standby person whenever access is blocked by ventilation equipment.
*** OSHA General Duty Clause requires an employer to provide a safe and healthful workplace free from recognized hazards.

27. How Does OSHA Regulate Confined Spaces?
MNOSHA has these construction standards.
CLASS IA
A work entry permit is required for all entry into any confined space. And attendants are required for Class II & II confined spaces.
Spaces where no risk of engulfment can exist, and where the atmosphere cannot develop a dangerous air contaminant or oxygen deficiency or enrichment and all known hazardous sources are positively controlled. Fire prevention measures associated with use of fuel gas and oxygen in confined spaces.
Spaces that are unlikely to develop a dangerous air contaminant, oxygen deficiency, or oxygen enrichment and have no potential for an engulfment condition.
Spaces where an atmosphere free of dangerous air contamination, oxygen deficiency or oxygen enrichment has been verified.
Chapter
CLASS IB
CLASS II
CLASS III
Spaces where an atmosphere free of dangerous air contamination, oxygen deficiency or enrichment cannot be verified.

28. Who Is Responsible for Safe Work?
OSHA has two specific requirements.
SITUATION
Construction Site
(New Construction)
Existing Site
(Modify Space)
Construction Contractor Must comply with Construction Standards and with General Duty Clause
Host Employer (Owner Company) Must inform contractor of hazards, precautions Must answer contractor’s questions Must discuss entry with contractor May require use of company entry program Contractor must train you in Host program Contractor responsible for safety
RESPONSIBLE PARTY

29. 75% of those killed had no training or only on-the-job training.
What Is Required on the Job?
Your must be trained before you do confined space work.
No Training (34%)
Confined Space
Training
(6%)
On-the-Job
Safety Training
(41%)
Classroom
Safety Training
(19%)
Confined Space Deaths
75% of those killed had no training or only on-the-job training.

30. You will only receive training in entry and attendant
When Is Training Required
You need to be trained before entering a Confined Space
You can be trained to four general levels:
Entrant
Attendant
Entry supervisor
Rescue team
You will only receive training in entry and attendant

31. You must be trained before you do confined space work.
What Is the Authorized Entrant?
You must be trained before you do confined space work.
AUTHORIZED ENTRANT
Know the hazards you may face during entry, including symptoms, signs, and consequences of exposure.
Properly use all required personal protective equipment.
Communicate with the attendant as necessary to enable the attendant to monitor your status and alert entrants of any need to evacuate.
Alert the attendant whenever you detect any warning sign or symptom of exposure to a dangerous situation or a prohibited condition.
Exit from the space as quickly as possible when the attendant tells you to do so, when you recognize any warning sign, when you detect a prohibited condition, or when you hear the evacuation alarm.

32. You are an Entrant into a Confined Space
You are in a drying oven replacing the louvers. You have almost completed your task but you start to feel nauseous. In just a few minutes your job will be done and you can go home.
What do you do?
A.     Finish the job
B.     Finish the job quickly
C.     Let the attendant know

33. You are an Entrant into a Confined Space
You are in a drying oven replacing the louvers. You have almost completed your task but you start to feel nauseous. In just a few minutes your job will be done and you can go home.
What do you do?
A.     Finish the job
B.     Finish the job quickly
C.     Let the attendant know

34. You must be trained before you do confined space work.
What Is the Attendant?
You must be trained before you do confined space work.
ATTENDANT
Know hazards that may be faced during entry.
Know possible behavioral effects of the hazards.
Continuously maintain accurate count of entrants.
Remain outside space during entry operations until relieved.
Communicate with entrants to monitor their status and alert them of need to evacuate.
Monitor activities inside and outside of space.
Summon rescue and emergency services when necessary.
Warn unauthorized persons to stay away.
Perform non-entry rescues per employer’s procedure.
Perform no duties that interfere with your primary duty to monitor entrants.

35. You are an Attendant of a Confined Space
You are the attendant at a permit-required confined space. You look down into the confined space and notice that your buddy is down.
What do you do?
A.  Go get him
Call for emergency services
Wait for direction

36. You are an Attendant of a Confined Space
You are the attendant at a permit-required confined space. You look down into the confined space and notice that your buddy is down.
What do you do?
A.  Go get him
Call for emergency services
Wait for direction

37. What Is the Entry Supervisor?
The entry supervisor has overall responsibility for the entry.
ENTRY SUPERVISOR
Know hazards that may be faced during entry.
Verify that acceptable conditions for entry exist.
Terminate entry when prohibited condition arises.
Verify that rescue services are available.
Remove unauthorized persons who enter or attempt to enter during the entry operations.
Determine that acceptable entry conditions are maintained.

38. You are an Entry Supervisor of a Confoined Space
You are the entry supervisor at a permit required confined space. Some painters from a local painting company stop by and ask if they can begin work within the confined space.
What do you do?
A.  Tell them to go ahead and start their work.
Ask if they have been authorized to work in the confined space.
Tell them to go ahead and set up for work while you check on their authorization.

39. You are an Entry Supervisor of a Confoined Space
You are the entry supervisor at a permit required confined space. Some painters from a local painting company stop by and ask if they can begin work within the confined space.
What do you do?
A.  Tell them to go ahead and start their work.
Ask if they have been authorized to work in the confined space.
Tell them to go ahead and set up for work while you check on their authorization.

40. What Is the Rescue Team? RESCUE TEAM
Properly trained in procedures and PPE use.
Practiced rescues at least annually from similar space.
Trained in basic first aid and CPR, one currently certified.
Use retrieval equipment, if it does not increase hazard.
Your contractor may choose to use offsite rescue team. For example, the local fire department but they must be properly trained and equipped.

41. Permit-required confined space:
Contains or has the potential to contain a hazardous atmosphere
Contains a material that has the potential for engulfing an entrant
Has an internal configuration that may cause an entrant to be trapped or asphyxiated by inwardly converging walls or by a floor that slopes downward and tapers to a small cross section and/or
Contains any other recognized serious safety or health hazards

42. What Is an Entry Permit? An entry permit is a kind of license that
allows a confined
space entry to
happen.

43. Entry Permit Part 1

44. Entry Permit Part 2

45. Employer and Entry Supervisor’s Permit Posting
Permit time limits
Permit termination or cancellation
Canceled entry permits

46. PERMISSABLE ENTRY LEVEL
Are these gas levels safe for entry?
TEST(S) TO BE TAKEN
PERMISSABLE ENTRY LEVEL
DATE & TIME
7/3/01
7:35 A.M.
7/5/01
9:12 A.M.
Percent of Oxygen
19.5% to 23.5%
20%
22%
Lower Explosive Limit
Under 10%
11% 8%
Carbon Monoxide
Less than 50 PPM
35 PPM
Hydrogen Sulfide
10 PPM -15 PPM
13 PPM
10 PPM

47. QUESTIONS
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