1. Soap and Detergents

2. Fat or Oil

3. Fatty acids

4. Fat or Oil

5. Fat or oil
Example of an unsaturated fat triglyceride. Left part: glycerol, right part from top to bottom: palmitic acid, oleic acid, alpha-linolenic acid. Chemical formula: C55H98O6

7. Soap
Soap is a salt of a fatty acid

8. Soaps are less effective in hard water, which is water that contains a significant concentration of Mg2+ and Ca2+ ions. These ions form precipitates with soap molecules, and this precipitate is often seen as a gray line on a bathtub or sink and is often called “soap scum”.

9. Surfactant (Detergents):
Surface Active Agent
Surfactants have amphiphilic structure:
Hydrophilic
Hydrophobic

10. Classification of surfactant
According to charges of head group:
1- Ionic
Anionic
Cationic
Amphoteric
2- Nonionic

11. Classification of surfactant
According to charges of head group:
1- Ionic
􀀹 anionic

12. Alkyl ether carboxylate:
Alkyl ether sulfate:

13. Classification of surfactant
According to charges of head group:
1- Ionic
􀀹 Cationic

14. Classification of surfactant
According to charges of head group:
1- Ionic
􀀹 Amphoteric

15. Classification of surfactant
According to charges of head group:
2- Nonionic

19. Behavior of surfactants:
When a molecule with amphiphilic structure is dissolved in aqueous medium, the hydrophobic group distorts the structure of the water.
As a result of this distortion, some of the surfactant molecules are expelled to the surfaces of the system with their hydrophobic groups oriented to minimize contact with the water molecules.
Nonpolar tail
Polar head

20. Properties of
Surfactants

21. Surface Tension
lecb.physics.lsa.umich.edu

22. Interfacial Tension

23. Krafft Point Cloud Point Wetting time
The temperature at which 0.1 % surfactants solution becomes clear by heating is gauge the aqueous solubility. (IONIC)
Cloud Point
The temperature at which 0.1 % surfactants solution becomes clear by cooling is gauge the aqueous solubility. (NONIONIC)
Wetting time
Wetting power of the tested surfactants were determined by immersing a sample of cotton fabric in 1.0 wt% aqueous solution of the surfactants and measuring the sinking time in second.

24. Emulsification power Examples of Emulsions uses
lecb.physics.lsa.umich.edu
Examples of Emulsions uses

25. Foaming Foam consists of gas covered with thin liquid film.
Surfactants molecule absorbed to interface between gas and liquid.
Foaming agent is a surfactant, which when present in small
amounts facilitates the formation of a foam.
Food industry
Detergent

26. Critical micelle concentration (CMC)

27. Critical micelle concentration (CMC)
The Critical micelle concentration was determined from the plot of the surface tension versus the logarithmic molar surfactant concentration.

28. Vesicle

29. Characterization of drug loaded
With or without Or

30. Hydrophilic-lipophilic balance:
The hydrophilic-lipophilic balance of a surfactant is a measure of the degree to which it is hydrophilic or lipophilic, determined by calculating values for the different regions of the molecule.

31. Kent, J., Riegel's Handbook of Industrial Chemistry, Van Notrand Reinhold, New York, N.Y., 1992.
Austin, G., Shreve's Chemical Process Industries, 5th ed., McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, N.Y., 1985.
Davidsohn, A. S. and B. Milwidsky, Synthetic Detergents, Longman Scientific and Technical, Burnt Mill, Harlow-England, 1987.
K. Tsujii, “Surface Activity: Principles, Phenomena And Applications”, Academic Press, 1998.
D. J. McClements, “Food Emulsions: Principles, Practices, and Techniques”, CRC Press, 2nd ed., 2005.
K. Robert Lange, “Surfactants: A Practical Handbook”, Hanser, 1999.
J. Goodwin, “Colloids and interfaces with surfactants and polymers”, Wiley 2nd ed., 2009.
B. P. Binks,” Particles as surfactants – similarities and differences”, Current Opinion Colloid Interface Sci. 7 (2002) 21 (review).
N. D. Denkov et al., “Role of surfactant type and bubble surface mobility in
foam rheology”, Soft Matter 5 (2009) 3389 (review).