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Chemical Engineering:3rd Sem

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1 Chemical Engineering:3rd Sem
SOAP AND DETERGENT Savsani Umang A.( ) Rajpura Jay R.( ) Dudhat Vivek V.( ) Chemical Engineering:3rd Sem Batch:C1

2 glyceryl tripalmitate
Saponification Process of making soap from animal fat or vegetable oil using a base. CH2 – O – C – (CH2)14CH3 CH – O – C – (CH2)14CH3 O CH2 – OH CH – OH O 3 Na+ -OC – (CH2)14CH3 + 3 NaOH + SOAP MAKING Saponification is the process of making soap from fat. The chemical reaction for this is shown in the slide. 3 C19H37O NaOH > C18H35O21- Na C3H8O3 glyceryl tristearate (fat) sodium hydroxide sodium stearate (soap) glycerin Read Chem Matters “Soap Making” glyceryl tripalmitate (tripalmitin) sodium hydroxide glycerol 3 sodium palmitate (soap)

3 A Phospholipid (a) chemical structure of a phospholipid
polar head nonpolar tails (a) chemical structure of a phospholipid (b) simplified way to draw a phospholipid Phospholipids – are a large class of biological molecules that consist of detergent-like molecules that contain a hydrophilic head and two hydrophobic tails; additional tail results in a cylindrical shape that prevents phospholipids from forming a spherical micelle – form bilayers, extended sheets consisting of a double layer of molecules; the hydrophobic tails are in the center of the bilayer, where they are not in contact with water, and the hydrophilic heads are on the two surfaces, in contact with the surrounding aqueous solution • Cells – are collections of molecules that are surrounded by a phospholipid bilayer called a cell membrane and are able to reproduce themselves Timberlake, Chemistry 7th Edition, page 576

4 A Model of a Cell Membrane
Polar Nonpolar Cholesterol Proteins Phospholipid bilayer Timberlake, Chemistry 7th Edition, page 587

5 Formation of a Triglyceride

6 Stearic Acid Fatty acid Carboxylic acid group Soap
COO- bonds to a metal ion (Na+) Na+ H+ lost from COOH Kelter, Carr, Scott, Chemistry A Wolrd of Choices 1999, page 257

7 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Benjamin Cummings. All rights reserved.

8 Sodium stearate: a soap Sodium dodecyl sulfate: a detergent
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Benjamin Cummings. All rights reserved.

9 Cleaning Action of Soap
Micelle Timberlake, Chemistry 7th Edition, page 573

10

11 Micelle Micelles – In the absence of a dispersed hydrophobic liquid phase, solutions of detergents in water form organized spherical or cylindrical aggregates called micelles, which minimize contact between the hydrophobic tails and water. – In a micelle, only the hydrophilic heads are in direct contact with water, and the hydrophobic tails are in the interior of the aggregate. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Benjamin Cummings. All rights reserved.

12 micelle Copyright © 2007 Pearson Benjamin Cummings. All rights reserved.

13 Difference:Soap & Detergent
SOAP vs. DETERGENT -- made from animal and -- made from petroleum vegetable fats -- works better in hard water Hard water contains minerals w/ions like Ca2+, Mg2+, and Fe3+ that replace Na1+ at polar end of soap molecule. Soap is changed into an insoluble precipitate (i.e., soap scum). micelle: a liquid droplet covered w/soap or detergent molecules

14 Solvation “Like Dissolves Like” NONPOLAR POLAR

15 Solvation Soap / Detergent polar “head” with long nonpolar “tail”
dissolves nonpolar grease in polar water micelle

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