1. 4:15A– European Reform and Religion

2. Protestant Reformation
Protestant Reformation ( )— Christian reform movement, criticized of the Catholic Church’s power, created new denominations
Martin Luther (1517) began the Reformation, objected to:
indulgence—selling the forgiveness of sin
simony—selling church offices
excommunicated after 95 Theses

3. Protestant Reformation
John Calvin’s (1530) predestination— belief that God has already chosen who goes to heaven
followers called Calvinists (in France, Hugenots)
Henry VIII (1547) formed the Anglican Church to divorce his wives
Others: John Wycliff, Jan Hus, Ulrich Zwingli, John Knox

4. Counter-Reformation (1545-1648)— Catholic Church’s attempt to reform itself
Jesuits, aka Society of Jesus (1540) sent missionaries around the world
Council of Trent (1545) published the Index of Prohibited Books, defined heresies (religious violations)

6. Effects: The Protestant Reformation led to 1) wars of religion between Catholics and Protestants and 2) increased the power of monarchs
German Peace of Augsburg (1555)— ruler of the state determines religion of the people
French Edict of Nantes (1598)—official toleration of Hugenots

7. Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648)—Catholics vs
Thirty Years’ War ( )—Catholics vs. Protestants; resulted in famine and disease across Europe
Peace of Westphalia (1648) allowed Germans to choose between Catholicism, Lutheranism, or Calvinism
divine right—monarchs not subject to anyone but God

8. Scientific Revolution (1500-1700)
Scientific Revolution ( )— emergence of scientific thinking in Western Europe, end of the Dark Ages
inspired by religious tolerance from Protestant Reformation
Copernicus’s heliocentric theory (1543)—planets orbit the sun in an elliptical pattern
Francis Bacon’s empirical method (1620)—collection of data to form a hypothesis

9. France
Louis XIV the “Sun King” ( )— divine right dictator of France, Catholic
Palace at Versailles (1623)—royal palace, symbol of absolutism
New France—colonies in North America (Louisiana, Quebec)

13. England
English Civil War (1642)—Catholic Charles I vs. Protestant Oliver Cromwell and Parliament, Charles I executed
Glorious Revolution (1688)—lords invite Protestant William and Mary to rule, bloodless
English Bill of Rights (1689)—gave Parliament legal and military powers

14. Social Contract Theories
social contract theory—people give up certain rights in exchange for living under the protection of a govt
Sets the background for the Enlightenment
Thomas Hobbes’s Leviathon (1651)— govt should be strong to protect its people
John Locke’s Two Treatises of Govt (1690)—govt should be weak to protect people from tyranny

15. Enlightenment
Enlightenment ( )—movement that proposed rational laws of science can apply to govts/society
inspired by the Scientific Revolution, Protestant Reformation, exploration
philosophes—French Enlightenment philosophers who met in salons
Voltaire, Montesquieu, Rousseau, Diderot

16. 4:15B Notes—European Exploration
“Paris is worth a Mass.”
-Henry of Navarre, King of France ( )

17. Economics
mercantilism ( )—goal: maximize wealth coming into the country, minimize it leaving
capital—material wealth available to produce more wealth
heavy govt involvement in the economy
fastest way to wealth = trade

18. Omani-European Rivalry—Christian Europeans in search of a route to India to avoid Middle Eastern Muslims (the Ottoman Empire)
Istanbul (1453-today)—new Constantinople under Ottoman Turks, closed to Christians in Period 4

19. Portugal
Prince Henry the Navigator ( ) first European royal to sponsor an all-water route to the East
Bartholomew Diaz (1488)—sailed around the southern tip of Africa, est. Cape of Good Hope
Vasco da Gama (1498)—reached India via the Cape of Good Hope, est. Portuguese colony
Attempted large Catholic settlements in Japan until 1600s, kicked out

20. Spain Christopher Columbus (1492)-- “discovered” the Caribbean
Ferdinand Magellan’s (1520s) crew– circumnavigated the globe
sailed southern tip of South America (Patagonia)
est. Catholic colonies in the Philippines

21. England
British East India Company (1602)—British trading company, gained control of India
strategy: build a fort, maintain soldiers, coin money, enter into treaties with Indian govt
Took advantage of Hindu/Muslim rivalries
sepoys—British trained Indian soldiers
Thomas “Diamond” Pitt ( )— English merchant, sold the Regent diamond for 150k pounds

22. Holland “The Dutch”
Dutch East India Company (1602)—Dutch trading co. in India and the Indonesian “Spice Islands”
Dutch West India Company ( )— Dutch trading co. in the Americas, est. New Amsterdam (New York)
Bank of Amsterdam (1609)—traded currency internationally
Many Jews who were kicked out of Spain and other parts of Europe settled in the Netherlands and became bankers

23. France in North America
New France ( )—French colonies in North America; Quebec in Canada, Louisiana in US

24. Effects on European Women
European traders realized Asian, African, and Native America women more free to work
Women merchants, queens, fewer arranged marriages
cottage industry—manufacturing done from home
European women’s statuses still dependent on their class