1. Aim: How did empires consolidate their power
Aim: How did empires consolidate their power? How did they respond to foreigners?
Do Now: Should the U.S. encourage or limit immigration and why?

2. I King Louis XIV “Sun King” of France
Absolute monarch; claimed divine right (his power to rule came directly from god).
Expanded the territory of France.
- Claimed the territory of Louisiana in North America
- Fought wars with European neighbors for land
Built palace at Versailles near Paris. It was so expensive that it drained the French economy.
Revoked the Treaty of Nantes, which had granted religious freedom to Protestants. This forced 1,000,000 Huguenots (French Protestants) to leave France.

4. Versailles, France

5. The Hall of Mirrors, Versailles, France

6. The Gardens at Versailles, France

7. II Tokugawa Japan (Edo Period) 1603 - 1867
The Tokugawa was the last feudal Japanese military government.
Headed by the shogun.
To consolidate power, in 1635 the daiymo had to live in Edo (the capital).

8. Japanese Feudalism 9th – 19th centuries
Emperor
The emperor was a figurehead without real power.
The Shogun was the real ruler of feudal Japan, and head of the military.
Shogun
The Daimyo lords were given land in exchange for loyalty to the Shogun.
Daimyo Lords
The Samurai provided military service to the Daimyo Lords in exchange for land or food.
Samurai Warriors
Farmers had a higher social status than merchants. Confucianism had influenced Japan, and believed merchants to be useless as they did not always make the things they sold.
Peasants

9. Edicts of Tokugawa Shojunate 1635
Japanese
 ships
 are
 strictly
 forbidden 
to
 leave 
for
 foreign
 countries
No 
Japanese 
is
permitted 
to 
go
 abroad. 
If 
there 
is
 anyone 
who
 attempts
 to
 do
 so
 secretly,
 he
 must 
be 
executed...
If 
any 
Japanese 
returns 
from
 overseas
 after
 residing
 there,
 he
 must 
be
 put 
to
 death.
If 
there
 is
 any 
place
 where 
the 
teachings 
of
 Christianity 
is 
practiced,
 the
 two
 of
 you 
must 
order 
a
 thorough 
investigation...

10. Osaka Castle, Built 1583
As Daimyo lords fought with each other and gained more land, the need for bigger and stronger fortifications arose.

11. Samurai Armor
Samurai armor incorporated steel, leather, and wood plates, tied together with silk or leather cords.

12. III Akbar the Great (1542 – 1605)
Descended from Genghis Khan. His grandfather Babur founded the Mughal Muslim Dynasty in 1525.
Centralized his government which included Muslims, Hindus, and foreigners. Jobs based on merit.
Elimated tax on non-Muslims, and encouraged religious toleration by marrying Hindu princesses.
Expanded the empire.
Patron of Mughal arts (combined Indian, Persian, and Arab styles).

13. Akbar pays his respect to Jesuits (left) and to a Hindu holy man (right).

15. IV Suleiman the Magnificent “the Law Giver” (1494 – 1566)
Expanded the Ottoman Empire by using gunpowder.
Gained access points to the Silk Roads.  the Age of Exploration!
Reformed the Ottoman legal code
Built libraries, mosques, hospitals ---- Golden Age of Istanbul
Was a poet
Jews and Christians “people of the Book” could live in their own communities if they paid a special tax
In order to gain the throne, Suleiman had his two brothers and their children strangled to death.
Clot, Andre Suleiman the Magnificent. Saqi Books: London.

16. The Ottomans came to rule Greeks, Serbs, Bosnians, Croats, and Armenians.

17. How did Suleiman consolidate his power?
Millets: Religious communities. Jews & Christians had to pay a special tax as “people of the book”
Ulama: Muslim scholars
Grand Vizier: 2nd in command under the Sultan (Emperor)
Divan: Advisory council to the Sultan

18. Topkapi Palace, Istanbul

19. Topkapi Palace, Istanbul

20. Topkapi Palace Harem: a secluded space for the Sultan’s wives and concubines (girlfriends).

21. Grand Bazaar, Istanbul

22. Summary Questions
How was Louis XIV and Suleiman the Magnificent similar?
How was Akbar the Great and Suleiman the Magnificent similar?
How did absolute monarchs of the early modern period consolidate their power?
In order to consolidate power, is it better to allow religious tolerance or not? Explain.

23. Key Vocabulary
Absolute monarch Akbar the Great Consolidation of power Divan Edict of Nantes Edicts of Tokugawa Shogunate Grand Vizier Hugenots Louis XIV Millet Mughal Dynasty Ottoman Empire Suleiman the Magnificent Tokugawa Shojunate Ulama Versailles