1. Chapter 13 review questions
18. Polysynaptic reflexes can produce far more complicated responses than can monosynaptic reflexes because
the response time is quicker
the response is initiated by highly sensitive receptors
motor neurons carry impulses at a faster rate than so sensory neurons
the interneurons involved can control several muscle groups
30. Bowel and urinary bladder control involve spinal reflex arcs that are located in the sacral region of the spinal cord. In both instances, two sphincter muscles – an inner sphincter muscle of smooth muscle and an outer sphincter of skeletal muscle – control the passage of wastes (feces and urine) out of the body. How would a transection of the spinal cord at the L1 segment level affect an individual’s bowel and bladder control?

2. The Brain (material from and inspired by Chapter 14)
How have brain structures’ functions been discovered?
Summary of brain parts and cranial nerves
Processing sensory info: examples
Responding to bright light
Localizing sounds in space
Negative feedback and the brain: examples
Medulla/pons
Hypothalamus

3. Understanding a region of the brain: the example of Phineas Gage
H.J. Bigelow, via Wikipedia

4. Broca’s area and Wernicke’s area
Example of Broca’s aphasia: person says, "Book book two table," meaning, "There are two books on the table." 
Example of Wernicke’s aphasia: person says, "You know that smoodle pinkered and that I want to get him round and take care of him like you want before.“ Meaning: ????
Source:

5. Corpus callosum (clinical note, p. 488)
The corpus callosum was sometimes cut as a treatment for severe epilepsy. Consequences?
David Wolman, “Split brain: a tale of two halves,” Nature 2012

6. Cortical maps of body (motor & sensory)
Image: merckmanuals.com

7. BRIEF summary of brain structures/functions
Major functions (partial list)
Frontal lobe
Parietal lobe
Temporal lobe
Occipital lobe
Cerebellum
Pons
Medulla
Superior colliculus
Inferior colliculus
Corpus callosum
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
(from lab quiz study guide)

8. BRIEF summary of the 12 cranial nerves
Number (Roman numeral)
Name of nerve
Sensory, Motor, or Both?
Type of information
1 (I)
2 (II)
3 (III)
4 (IV)
5 (V)
6 (VI)
7 (VII)
8 (VIII)
9 (IX)
10 (X)
11 (XI)
12 (XII)

9. Cranial nerve mnemonic #1: nerve names
Number
Saying
Nerve Name 1 Oh 2 3
Oh -- 4 To 5
Touch 6
And 7
Feel 8
Very 9
Good 10
Velvet -- 11
Ah, 12
Heaven!

10. Cranial nerve mnemonic #2: sensory, motor, or both?
Number
Saying
Sensory, Motor, Both? 1
Some 2
Say 3
“Money 4
Matters” 5
But 6 My 7
Brother 8
Says 9
“Big 10
Brains 11
Matter 12
More!”

11. Cranial Nerve Mnemonic #3: functions
Nerves correspond to notes 1 (lowest) to 12 (highest). Nerves 7 & 9 are grouped together; so are nerves 3, 4, & 6.

12. Processing sensory info
Recall earlier slides about synapses between neurons, tracts connecting parts of the brain with each other, cranial nerves coming into and out of the brain….
Examples of the brain processing sensory info:
Responding to bright light
Localizing sounds in space

13. Processing sensory info: responding to bright light
Background info on the eye (10th Martini, Figures 17-5 & 17-6)

14. Processing of sensory info: responding to bright light

15. Processing sensory info: responding to bright light

16. Processing sensory info: localizing sounds in space
Background info on the ear (10th Martini, Figure 17-21)

17. Processing sensory info: localizing sounds in space
image:

18. Processing sensory info: localizing sounds in space

19. Negative feedback and the brain
Review: what is negative feedback?
Today’s examples
Pons/medulla: control of breathing rate
Hypothalamus: control of hydration & temperature

20. Pons/medulla: control of breathing rate

21. Hypothalamus: control of hydration

22. Hypothalamus: control of temperature
10th Martini, Figure 1-3!