1. Treaties of Velasco

2. THE TREATIES OF VELASCO
Public Terms
The war between Mexico and Texas was officially ended, and Texas was declared independent.
All Mexican forces would withdraw beyond the Rio Grande.
Prisoners would be exchanged.
Mexico would return all captured property.
Texas leaders would promptly return Santa Anna to Mexico.
Secret Terms
Provided for Santa Anna’s immediate release
Santa Anna would try to persuade Mexican leaders to recognize the independence of Texas.
Santa Anna would push for the Rio Grande to be Mexico’s border with Texas.

3. THE TREATIES OF VELASCO
Secret Terms
Provided for Santa Anna’s immediate release
Santa Anna would try to persuade Mexican leaders to recognize the independence of Texas.
Santa Anna would push for the Rio Grande to be Mexico’s border with Texas.

4. RESPONSE TO THE TREATIES OF VELASCO
Texans Respond:
A small force stopped Santa Anna
David G. Burnet imprisoned him
Mexican Response:
Leaders did not recognize treaties or Texas independence

5. The Republic of Texas
Photo from

6. REPUBLIC OF TEXAS IN 1836

7. Texans took these steps in building their new nation:
Sam Houston was elected president of the Republic of Texas.
Mirabeau B. Lamar was elected vice-president.
Stephen F. AUstin was appointed Secretary of State
A constitution was adopted.

8. The Early Republic Results of the Election of 1836 Vice President:
Congress:
President:
Constitution:
Annexation:
Sam Houston
elected senators and representatives
Mirabeau B. Lamar
approved the Texas Constitution of 1836
voted to seek U.S. annexation of Texas

9. Sam Houston’s Inaugural Address - 1836
“[We] modestly remonstrated against oppression, and, when invaded by a numerous host, we dared to proclaim our independence and to strike for freedom on the breast of the oppressor. As yet our course is onward. We are only in the outset of the campaign of liberty.”

10. Problems in the New Republic
The Mexican government refused to recognize Texas’s independence.
Mexico and Texas were still at war.
Other nations also needed to be persuaded that Texas is independent.
The new government was in debt from the Texas revolution.
Indians are now way out numbered and Anglo Americans are taking over their territory.
Indians threaten to declare war on the Texans.

11. Cabinet – council that advises the president
HOUSTON’S PLAN
Houston was cautious.
He tried to prevent another war with Mexico or with Native Texans.
Houston limited government spending.
Houston thought the best solution to Texas’s problems was annexation to the United States.
Houston’s well appointed cabinet helped him with these problems.
Cabinet – council that advises the president

12. Texas’s first empresario
Stephen F. Austin Dies
After serving as secretary of state for only three months, Stephen F. Austin dies at the age of 43.
What did he accomplish?
Texas’s first empresario
served as leader for all American colonists in Texas
led the first major military conflict in the Revolution
traveled to the United States to raise money for the war.

13. A New Capital
Initially, Columbia, a small town in Brazoria County, was declared the capital city.
Two brothers, John and Augustus Allen, planned on building a new town near Harrisburg, which had been burned during the Revolution.
They named this town Houston, after Sam.
Houston remained the capital of Texas throughout Houston’s first administration, even though people complained about the conditions in this town.
It was muddy, hot, and had simple log structures, etc.

14. Manifest Destiny
The addition of Texas to the U.S. would allow for U.S. westward expansion
Many Texans thought that the U.S. would be eager to accept Texas as a state

15. Texas stayed an independent republic.
The First Attempt at Annexation
The addition of Texas to the United States made sense to many as it would solve many problems.
However, Texas would have been admitted as a slave state, and members of the U.S. Congress belonging to non-slave states opposed the admission of Texas to the Union.
Texas stayed an independent republic.

16. Analyze the map and identify the reasons why the admission of Texas to the U.S. would have been a problem.

17. Revenue – annual or current income of the government
Financial Woes
One of the biggest problems in the new Republic was the lack of money.
When Sam Houston began his presidency, Texas was in debt over $1 million.
Houston held government expenses to a minimum and tried to raise revenue only for items that were absolutely necessary.
Revenue – annual or current income of the government

18. Financial Woes
In 1837 the Texas Congress authorized Houston to issue about $600,000 in promissory notes.
These notes made a promise that the government would pay the specified amount to the holder of the note at a future date.
This was called “star money” because these “notes” had a star on the front of them.
promissory notes – written promise to pay a sum of money at a future time

19. As a result, people started refusing to accept the promissory notes.
Financial Woes
When Texas’s financial situation did not improve, some feared that the promise of future payment might not be kept.
As a result, people started refusing to accept the promissory notes.
I.O.U.

20. Tension between Mexico and Texas continues
In the Treaties of Velasco, Santa Anna agreed to the independence of Texas. Mexico refused to accept the treaties.
Mexico refused to acknowledge that Texas was independent.

21. The war was over when Huston’s army;
Trouble in the Army
Thousands of citizens arrived in Texas too late to fight in the Revolution.
Felix Huston raised an army of 500 to 700 volunteers to fight in the Texas Revolution.
The war was over when Huston’s army;
therefore, their eagerness to fight made
them try to renew the war with Mexico!
Houston sent Huston’s soldiers home.
This helped financially because now
Houston didn’t have to pay these soldiers.

22. The Texas Congress refused to uphold this treaty (promise)
Houston's Native Texan Policy
Native Americans were promised by Houston the title to their land they occupied in East Texas.
The Texas Congress refused to
uphold this treaty (promise)
Houston had agreed upon.

23. Houston, unlike most Texans, was sympathetic to the Native Texans.
Houston's Native Texan Policy
Many Texans wanted the Native Texans out because the land they occupied was the richest farmland in Texas.
Houston, unlike most Texans, was sympathetic to the Native Texans.
The Texas Rangers had to be called in to patrol the frontier.
Attacks on both sides continued.

24. Cordova Rebellion
The CÓRDOVA REBELLION was a plot rebellion in 1838 against the new Republic of Texas in Nacogdoches. Hispanics felt overpowered and discriminated against and Native Americans who did not receive their land titles as promised, gathered behind Vicente Cordova, a well off Nacogdoches businessmen and tried to stage a rebellion and show loyalty to the Mexican government.
The plan was discovered and the plot diffused. The incident proved that not all “Texans” were in favor of the New Republic.

25. Summary
Sam Houston worked to keep peaceful relationships with Native Americans and Mexico
He spent little money and promoted the annexation of Texas to the United States

26. A Different Vision for Texas
Photo from

27. ELECTION OF 1838
Since the Texas Constitution did not have consecutive (back to back) terms, President Houston had to hand over the government in 1838.
Vice-President Lamar remained popular by the Texas people and was elected as the second president of the Republic of Texas.
Mirabeau B. Lamar

28. Lamar’s Plan for the Republic
Did not shy away from a renewal of conflict with Mexico
Wanted to clear Texas of all Native Texans
Spent large sums of money
Wanted Texas to remain independent and expand its territory

29. Clashes with Native Americans
Lamar wanted to kill or force all Native Texans out of Texas
He led raids on the Cherokees and Comanches
The Cherokees lost their chief, Chief Bowles and were forced into present-day Oklahoma
This led to fewer raids by the Native Texans, but increased hostilities

30. Relations with Mexico
The Treaties of Velasco set the Texas-Mexico boundary at the Rio Grande
Lamar assumed that this included all of the Rio Grande including as far north as its headwaters in Colorado
This would make Santa Fe, New Mexico part of Texas

31. Santa Fe Expedition, 1841
In 1841, President Lamar sent General Hugh McLeod on an expedition to Santa Fe to convince the New Mexicans that they were now part of Texas
When they arrived the New Mexicans refused to become part of Texas
The troops did not have the necessary supplies to return home and surrendered to the Mexican authorities, and were jailed until 1842
This only served to increase tensions with Mexico

32. SANTA FE EXPEDITION, 1841

33. A New Capital
Lamar moved the capital of Texas from Houston to the small community Waterloo, along the Colorado River, about 100 miles north of San Antonio
He felt the capital of Texas should be more centrally located
This new capital was named Austin, in honor of Stephen F. Austin

34. Comanches agreed to meet in San Antonio (March 1840) to discuss peace.
COUNCIL HOUSE FIGHT
Comanches agreed to meet in San Antonio (March 1840) to discuss peace.
The Comanches promised to release all Anglo captives.
One Anglo girl released, Matty Lockhart, looked as though she had been tortured.The Texans refused to let the Comanche leaders leave without having all the Texas captives released from all Comanche bands.
When the Comanche leaders tried to leave, they were attacked. This fight was known as the Council House Fight.
7 Texans were killed.
MANY Comanche leaders were killed.
The Comache were outnumbered and unarmed.

35. Education Under Lamar
Mirabeau Lamar is best known for his contributions to education, and is often referred to as the “Father of Education in Texas”
He believed that a strong system of education could make Texas a great nation
He and the Texas Congress set aside 18,000 acres of land in each county for public schools
They also set aside over 220,000 acres for two universities

36. Financial Difficulties
The financial situation in Texas worsened under Lamar’s direction
Lamar expanded the use of “redbacks”, which bought only about 12 U.S. cents of goods and services, per Texas dollar
He also spent a lot of money on battles with Native Americans and the Santa Fe Expedition
Texas’s public debt rose to $7 million by the end of Lamar’s term

37. Lamar’s Presidency Action LAND POLICY Result ECONOMY TEXAS INDIANS
issued
red backs
passed
homestead law
declared war on American Indians
worthless within three years, in part because of rising national debt
protected Texans’ homes and up to 50 acres from seizure for debts
removed Cherokee from East Texas, pushed Comanche north & west, increased debt

38. Sam Houston as President Again
Since the Texas constitution stated that you could not be president for two consecutive terms, Lamar was not eligible to run for president….BUT Sam Houston was.
Although not everyone agreed with Houston’s plan and ideas for Texas, he was reelected in 1841.

39. Once in office, Houston put his plan back into action.
A Return to Houston's Policy
Once in office, Houston put his plan back into action.
reduced government spending
pulled Texas military out of Mexico

40. Moore was the Texas Navy Commander in Mexico.
Houston's orders to leave Mexico.
Moore was the Texas Navy Commander in Mexico.
Moore defied Houston’s orders to leave Mexico and go to New Orleans to repair his ships and re-supply his crew.
Houston declared Moore a pirate and invited other countries to sink his ships!
Moore eventually returned back to Texas.

41. Vasquez raised the Mexican flag, declaring Mexican control.
Mexican Troops Return
On March 5, 1842, Mexican’s General Vasquez and about 700 soldiers took control of San Antonio.
Vasquez raised the Mexican flag, declaring Mexican control.
Two days later, Vasquez returned to Mexico.

42. In September of that same year, Mexican soldiers invaded Texas again.
Mexican Troops Return
...and take Texans hostage!
In September of that same year, Mexican soldiers invaded Texas again.
General Woll led 1,400 Mexican soldiers to San Antonio where they captured San Antonio again and took 67 Texas hostages with them.
Houston sent a group of 300 militia to pursue Woll and his men.
This Texas militia was led by General Somervell.

43. Many members of the militia were upset.
Somervell's forces chase the Mexican soldiers.
Before Somervell’s forces could reach the Mexican troops, they had already crossed the Rio Grande into Mexico.
Somervell stopped the chase because he thought his orders prohibited him to cross into Mexico.
Many members of the militia were upset.
They didn’t want to leave without a fight.
They thought they didn’t have enough supplies to return across South Texas.
In revolt, the militia elected William Fisher to lead them into Mexico.
They crossed the Rio Grande on December 23, 1842.

44. Houston’s Efforts to Gain Annexation
Since his first administration, Houston had urged the U.S. to annex Texas.
John Tyler, the current U.S. president, agreed to annex Texas; however, the Senate rejected the ballot by one vote.
Many Texans were very disappointed.
This failure will make annexation a key issue in the presidential campaigns to come.

45. Last Years of the Republic

46. The Texans elected Dr. Anson Jones as president.
THE ELECTIONS OF 1844
The Texans elected Dr. Anson Jones as president.
Edward Burleson was elected vice-president.
In TEXAS:
In the U.S.:
James K. Polk – Democratic Party
Was elected U.S. President
Polk, who among his party favored the annexation of Texas, won the election.

47. TEXAS BECOMES A STATE
On February 26, 1845, the U.S. Congress approved a joint resolution, agreeing to accept Texas as the 28th state.
On February 19, 1846, President Jones announced the annexation of Texas.
Joint resolution – formal ruling passed by both houses of the legislature and intended to become a law

48. Mary Maverick
Texas pioneer woman, known by her memoirs of her life during the Republic of Texas.
She was present at the Council House fight and wrote about the abused captives.
She also tells the story of the runaway of 42 when the Mexican Army under General Wool took San Antonio again and her husband was captured and imprisoned in Mexico.
Her memoirs serve as important primary source documents telling of the lives and challenges of families during this time period.

49. increased government spending faced financial problems
Lamar
Houston
Jones
increased government spending
faced financial problems
“Redbacks” issued
encouraged war with Mexico and Indians
supported military expeditions
established public education
wanted TX to be independent
served as president of the Republic of Texas
served 1 term
limited government spending
faced financial problems
promissory notes
was peaceful with Mexico and the Indians
reduced the army
eliminated the navy
supported annexation
served as president of the Republic of Texas
served 2 terms
announced the annexation of Texas
supported annexation
served as president of the Republic of Texas
served 1 term

50. Elected Presidents of the Republic of Texas 1836–1845
David Burnet
Term:
March 16, 1836–
October 22, 1836
Selected as interim president of Texas during the Texas Revolution.
Sam Houston
Terms: 1836–1838, –1844
Policies: Limited government spending, established peaceful relations with Mexico and Native Americans, encouraged annexation.
Mirabeau B. Lamar
Term: 1838–1841
Policies: Used military force against Mexico and Native Americans, wanted Texas to remain independent, promoted
education in Texas.
Anson Jones
Term: 1844–1845
Policies:
Supported
annexation.