1. AP EURO Unit #5 – Nationalism of 19th Century PPT #505 Crumbling Empires of Russia, Ottomans, Austria, Sweden

2. The Russian Empire

3. The five Russian Czars of 19th Cent.
Alexander I (r )
Famous for defeating Napoleon
Nicholas I (r )
Most repressive; led to mass emigration of Jews
Alexander II (r )
Known as the Czar Emancipator (Freed the serfs)
Alexander III (r )
Return to repression and Russification
Nicholas II (r )
Created a Duma (elected legislature)
Abdicated in midst of The Great War (WWI)

5. The pendulum of politics
Political leadership tends to shift back and forth, like a pendulum of ideology.
Example:
(Nixon/Ford) to Carter
Carter to (Reagan/Bush)
(Reagan/Bush) to Clinton
Clinton to Bush II
Bush II to Obama
Obama to Trump
EXLAIN THIS PHENOMENON
APPLY TO RUSSIAN CZARS

6. DETAILS OF THE CZARS

7. Alexander I 1801-1825 Eased censorship Promoted education
Suggested freeing the serfs
Napoleonic invasion
Embraced mysticism and Holy Alliance
Upon death: Decembrist uprising

8. Decembrist Revolution
Alexander died in December
Power to pass to a middle brother, Constantine
He’d suggested a constitution and a Duma
Was Grand Governor of Poland
But, he was disinterested in ruling Russia- had secretly denounced throne in 1823
Younger brother, conservative Nicholas next in line
Public demonstrations in favor of Constantine
“Constantine and Constitution”
Army officers demanded Constantine
Suggested a coup to block Nicholas
Sparked a rebellion
Constantine
Joanna Grudzinska (“Constitution”)

9. Nicholas I Ascended to throne 1825 Immediately suppressed rebellion
Big purge by police spies
Banned all Western style liberal books
Reaffirmed divine right to rule as absolutist
Final act: push to take Ottoman lands, thus upsetting balance of power and starting Crimean War
Then… he went and died 1855

10. Crimean War 1854-1856 (time period of US Civil War – same mentality)
Russians pushed into Moldavia to probe Ottoman resistance and British resolve
Br. and Fr. feared Russian expansion into Med.
French and British teamed with Ottomans
Attacked Russian Black Fleet
2/3 of the 20,000 British troops would die on battlefield
First “general war” since 1815 (Napoleon)
Logistical nightmare for British and French
Considered first “modern war”
Use of telegraph
Extensive use of RR
Breach loading rifles and guns
Photography & daily news of war
Field nursing: Florence Nightingale
Russians force to surrender Black Sea fleet

11. Want to see a reaction of Romanticism to this war?
Characterizations:
Purpose: Maintain a Balance of Power
Use of modern weaponry,
but with old style fighting techniques
Senseless death
Ridiculous bravery
Want to see a reaction of Romanticism to this war?

12. Charge of the Light Brigade (Lord Tennyson)
Half a league, half a league, Half a league onward, All in the valley of Death Rode the six hundred.
“Forward, the Light Brigade! Charge for the guns!” he said. Into the valley of Death Rode the six hundred.
Forward, the Light Brigade!” Was there a man dismayed? Not though the soldier knew Someone had blundered.
Theirs not to make reply,
Theirs not to reason why, Theirs but to do and die. Into the valley of Death Rode the six hundred.
Cannon to right of them, Cannon to left of them, Cannon in front of them    Volleyed and thundered; Stormed at with shot and shell,
Cannon to right of them, Boldly they rode and well, Into the jaws of Death, Into the mouth of hell   Rode the six hundred.

13. Last part of the Romantic poem…
Flashed all their sabres bare, Flashed as they turned in air Sabring the gunners there, Charging an army, while
All the world wondered. Plunged in the battery-smoke Right through the line they broke; Cossack and Russian
Reeled from the sabre stroke Shattered and sundered. Then they rode back, but not Not the six hundred.
…While horse and hero fell. They that had fought so well Came through the jaws of Death, Back from the mouth of hell, All that was left of them, Left of six hundred.
When can their glory fade? O the wild charge they made! All the world wondered.
Honour the charge they made! Honour the Light Brigade, Noble six hundred!

14. Alexander II 1855-1881 Ended Crimean War Crimean War embarrassing
had proved Russia was antiquated
Alexander listened
Freed the serfs – 1861
Created zemstovs (local government)
Problems: serfs had to pay Nobles for land
Zemstvovs dominated by wealthy in region
Eased censorship, trial by jury, reformed
He Proposed a Duma
A legislature – HE PROPOSED REAL POLITICAL REFORM
HOW DID ALEXANDER EMBRACE ENLIGHTENMENT?
Liberals and students demanded more
and… they killed him for it!
Play first 2m

15. Legacy of Alexander II Sold us Alaska, 1867
Serfs set free (“CZAR EMANCIPATOR”)
Russian remained disgruntled – continued to be controlled by nobles
Nobles irritated they had lost control over serfs
Middle class displeased there was still a Czar
Government cracked down
Radicals lashed back – formed People’s Will
Assassinated government officials
Assassinated Alexander

16. Alexander III Response to his dad’s assassination: repression
Secret police revived
Restored censorship
Purged critics
Increased discrimination of Jews
Restricted living (must be on a shtetl)
Limited attendance to universities
POGROMS – violent attacks
Mass emigration
Wrote back:
“There a no Czars in America, and the streets a paved in gold”
“We eat meat everyday… like millionaires”
He did support industry and modernization
Nobles opposed foreign investment and modernization
Sergei Witte – finance minister ( ) build RR fast
First 1m
“There are no cats…”
1880: 250,000 Jews in America
3% of wld Jewish population
1920: 3.6 million from E. Eur.
25% of world Jewish pop.
(E. Eur. Had had 75% of pop)

17. What impression do you have of Russia at this time?
Give examples…

18. Nicholas II 1894-1917 Not prepared to be Czar
Father died prematurely at age 45
Was a playboy, but fell in love with German princess Alix – married just prior to coronation at age 26
(she was shy – hated public)
Liberals expected him to be more democratic
Chief goal: modernize the economy
Trans-Siberian RR
30,000 miles of RR in just 30 years
Far more than any other nation
Modernizing at a feverish pace
Pushed into Eastern China and Korea… as Japan was, too
Led to Russo-Japanese War ( )
Humiliating defeat (Japan sank 2/3 of 300 ship armada in a day
Play 9m-13m

19. War defeats created chaos
Defeats against Japan led to riots and strikes
Instead of listening, Nicholas ordered repression
Black Sea fleet mutinied – war was lost
Middle class liberals demanded reforms
Factory workers demanded better conditions
Peasants suffering from poverty and overpopulation
Minorities demanded self rule and end to repression
Nicholas – a family man
Most concerned for son
Alexei – hemophiliac

20. October Manifesto Bloody Sunday (1905) – peaceful protest
Chanted hymns – appealed to Czar as a gentle father
Army tried to disperse – led to massacre – 100s dead
Nation-wide protest – support for Czar dwindled
British PM Ramsay McDonald:
“a blood stained creature: a common murder”
October Manifesto
Full civil rights
Granted a duma
click

21. Other crumbling empires

22. Ottoman Empire Balkan region of Europe
Serbians and Greeks already broke away, 1830
Government seen as corrupt and antiquated
Would later back Germany to avoid Russian takeover
Turkish nationalists and Arab nationalists
Agitating for autonomy
Demanded modernization
Sultans refused
Young Turks – usurped power from sultans

23. Norway Demanded autonomy from Sweden Won independence in 1905
(for next slide)

24. Austrian Empire Fewer than 25% of population was Austrian
Czechs, Slovaks, Slovenes, Poles, Ukrainians, Serbs, Croats, Romanians, Italians
Austrian students demanded a Republic
Non-Germans minorities demanded autonomy
Nationalists stressed national community
Weakened by war losses
1858 War in Italy (lost to France)
1866 Seven Weeks War (lost to Germany)
Hungarians demanded, and got dual monarchy
AUSTRO-HUNGARIAN EMPIRE
King Franz Joseph – for both
Czechs and others followed suit – Hungarians refused

25. Jewish population in Germany
Granted full citizenship in new Germany
Abolished all restrictions on occupation, marriage, residence, land ownership
Became VERY loyal citizens
Market crash of 1873 – blamed on Jews
Intense prejudice flared up, esp. in Russia
4 million of the 7 million European Jews lived in Russia
1890s – Mayor Leuger of Vienna ( )
Anti-semetic
Appealed to middle class… including young Adolf
Inspired Theodor Herzl to champion Zionist movement