1. Energy Management: 2016/17 The Energetic Balance of a Country
Prof. Tânia Sousa

2. The Portuguese Energetic Balance
What is the Energetic Balance of a country?

3. Sankey diagram for Portugal 2010

4. The Portuguese Energetic Balance
It is an energy accounting framework to describe the annual energy flows in a country for each fuel/energy vector
In Portugal the EB is elaborated by the Direcção Geral de Energia e Geologia (DGEG).
Data is (1) obtainned with surveys to the consumers and (2) provided by the suppliers of the energetic market
PEB’s are available in excel files from 1990 in DGEG:
Portuguese and other countries’s EB’s are available from IEA from 1960 or 1970 onwards

5. The Portuguese Energetic Balance
What type of issues can an energetic balance help you with?

6. The Portuguese Energetic Balance
What type of issues can an energetic balance help you with?
Energy supply mix
Share of renewable energies in supply

7. The Portuguese Energetic Balance
What type of issues can an energetic balance help you with?
Self-reliance in energy supply

8. The Portuguese Energetic Balance

9. The Portuguese Energetic Balance
What type of issues can an energetic balance help you with?
Refining efficiency
Electricity production efficiency
Per capita use of primary and final energy
Energy intensity

10. The Portuguese Energetic Balance
What type of issues are not addressed by the energetic balance?

11. The Portuguese Energetic Balance
What type of issues are not addressed by the energetic balance?
Efficiency between final and useful energy
Efficiency in providing energy services

12. The Portuguese Energetic Balance
What type of issues are not addressed by the energetic balance?
Efficiency between final and useful energy
Efficiency in providing energy services
Additional information that is needed:
Electrical resistance 100%
Electrical motor 90%
Fluorescent lamp 50%
Refrigerator 200%
Heat pump 250%

13. Energy Accounting Framework: Production
Energy flows considered for each individual fuel or energy type

14. Energy Accounting Framework: Transformation
Energy flows considered for each individual fuel or energy type

15. Energy Accounting Framework: Final Use
Energy flows considered for each individual fuel or energy type

16. Energy Accounting Framework: Units
The unit used in the Energetic Balance is TOE (Ton of oil equivalent)
1 TOE = GJ
Conversion Factors:
Natural Gas:
45.1 GJ/ t = toe/t
Heat released on burning (LHV)
Electricity:
1 GWh = 3600 GJ = 86 toe
Direct heat equivalent
CH4, N2 & O2
CO2, H2O, N2

17. The Portuguese Energetic Balance
An energetic Balance is a matrix:
Each type of fuel/energy vector is considered along the columns
Each row captures the flow of energy
ENERGETIC BALANCE TOE
Coal
Oil
Natural Gas
Gases o Outros Derivados
Electricity
heat
Industrial waste
Other Renewables
TOTAL
2008
4 = 1 a 3
22= 23
30 = 24 a 29
36 = 31 a 35 37 38
46 = 39 a 45
47=
IMPORTS 1.
DOMESTIC PRODUCTION 2.
39 800
CHANGE IN "STOCKS" 3.
5 960
- 837
97 193
OUTPUTS 4.
24 949
17 634
PRIMARY ENERGY CONSUMPTION 5.
FOR NEW ENERGY FORMS 6.
1 120
CONSUMPTION ENERGY SECTOR 7.
56 103 3
RAW MATERIAL CONSUMPTION
AVAILABLE FOR FINAL CONSUMPTION 8.
81 170
38 680
STATISTICAL DIFFERENCE 9.
9 851 12
279
FINAL CONSUMPTION
10.
71 319
AGRICULTURE AND FISHERIES
10.1
3 359
87 218
2 366 21
EXTRACTIVE INDUSTRIES
10.2
66 103
8 444
49 882
30 844 4
TRANSFORMATION INDUSTRIES
10.3
CONSTRUCTION AND PUBLIC WORKS
10.4
5 063
50 490
TRANSPORTS
10.5
6 659
46 677
3 452
DOMESTIC SECTOR
10.6
SERVICES
10.7
14 211
6 579

18. The Portuguese Energetic Balance
An energetic Balance is a matrix:
Each type of fuel/energy vector is considered along the columns
Each row captures the flow of energy
ENERGETIC BALANCE TOE
Coal
Oil
Natural Gas
Gases o Outros Derivados
Electricity
heat
Industrial waste
Other Renewables
TOTAL
2008
4 = 1 a 3
22= 23
30 = 24 a 29
36 = 31 a 35 37 38
46 = 39 a 45
47=
IMPORTS 1.
DOMESTIC PRODUCTION 2.
39 800
CHANGE IN "STOCKS" 3.
5 960
- 837
97 193
OUTPUTS 4.
24 949
17 634
PRIMARY ENERGY CONSUMPTION 5.
FOR NEW ENERGY FORMS 6.
1 120
CONSUMPTION ENERGY SECTOR 7.
56 103 3
RAW MATERIAL CONSUMPTION
AVAILABLE FOR FINAL CONSUMPTION 8.
81 170
38 680
STATISTICAL DIFFERENCE 9.
9 851 12
279
FINAL CONSUMPTION
10.
71 319
AGRICULTURE AND FISHERIES
10.1
3 359
87 218
2 366 21
EXTRACTIVE INDUSTRIES
10.2
66 103
8 444
49 882
30 844 4
TRANSFORMATION INDUSTRIES
10.3
CONSTRUCTION AND PUBLIC WORKS
10.4
5 063
50 490
TRANSPORTS
10.5
6 659
46 677
3 452
DOMESTIC SECTOR
10.6
SERVICES
10.7
14 211
6 579

19. Energy Accounting Framework: Production
Energy flows considered for each individual fuel or energy type

20. Energy Accounting Framework: Production
Main flows considered:
How do you obtain consumption of primary energy?

21. Energy Accounting Framework: Production
Main flows considered:
How do you obtain consumption of primary energy?

22. Energy Accounting Framework: Production
Main flows considered:
Imports (expand domestic supply)
Domestic Production
Change in stocks (an increase (decrease) in stocks represents a decrease (increase) in domestic supply)
Exports (decrease domestic supply)
Bunkers (International Aviation & Internacional Maritime transport)
Example:
ENERGY BALANCE TOE
Natural GAS
2008 23
IMPORTS 1.
DOMESTIC PRODUCTION 2.
CHANGE IN STOCKS 3.
5 960
OUTPUTS 4.
Exports
4.1
International Maritime Transport
4.2
International Aviation
4.3
CONSUMPTION OF PRIMARY ENERGY 5.

23. Energy Accounting Framework: Production
Biggest energy imports and exports?...
What types of fuels/energy vectors do we produce in Portugal?
Highest consumption of primary energy?

24. Domestic Production

25. Installed capacity & electricity production (2014)

26. Installed Power

27. Energy Accounting Framework: Production
ENERGETIC BALANCE TOE
Solar Thermal
2015
IMPORTS 1.
DOMESTIC PRODUCTION 2.
80 267
Solar
Heat
Electricity
Moura – Amareleja 46 MW
Serpa – Hércules 11 MW
Total – 418 MW
Central Solar Fotovoltaíca Moura
ENERGETIC BALANCE TOE
Hidro-electricidade
Eólica
Foto-voltaica
Geo-térmica
Termo-electricidade
2015 31 32 33 34 35
IMPORTS 1.
DOMESTIC PRODUCTION 2.
68 469
17 507

28. Energy Accounting Framework: Production
Wind
Electricity
Offshore 2 MW
Microgeneration 0.6 MW
Total 4953 MW
Hydro
Fio de Água 2244 MW
Total 5572 MW
ENERGETIC BALANCE TOE
Hidro-electricidade
Eólica
Foto-voltaica
Geo-térmica
Termo-electricidade
2015 31 32 33 34 35
IMPORTS 1.
DOMESTIC PRODUCTION 2.
68 469
17 507

29. Conversion Processes (Renewables)
Geothermal
Electricity (S. Miguel – 10MW)
Central Geotérmica S. Miguel, Açores
ENERGETIC BALANCE TOE
Hidro-electricidade
Eólica
Foto-voltaica
Geo-térmica
Termo-electricidade
2015 31 32 33 34 35
IMPORTS 1.
DOMESTIC PRODUCTION 2.
68 469
17 507

30. Energy Accounting Framework: Production
Compare the imports of nat. gas in 2008 with the maximum capacity of importing (Campo-Maior -> GWh/day and Sines -> 192,8 GWh/dia)
ENERGY BALANCE TOE
Natural GAS
2008 23
IMPORTS 1.
DOMESTIC PRODUCTION 2.
CHANGE IN STOCKS 3.
5 960
OUTPUTS 4.
Exports
4.1
International Maritime Transport
4.2
International Aviation
4.3
CONSUMPTION OF PRIMARY ENERGY 5.
1 GWh = 86 toe
Liquefaction of natural gas
T=-162ºC
Decrease in volume: 1/600

31. Energy Accounting Framework: Production
Compare the imports of nat. gas in 2008 with the maximum capacity of importing (Campo-Maior -> GWh/day and Sines -> 192,8 GWh/dia)
toe /365 days= GWh /365 days = 133 GWh /day
ENERGY BALANCE TOE
Natural GAS
2008 23
IMPORTS 1.
DOMESTIC PRODUCTION 2.
CHANGE IN STOCKS 3.
5 960
1 GWh = 86 toe
=69.3 GWh
Storing Pressure: 180 bar
Carriço storage capacity (2155 GWh -> 16 dias)

32. Energy Accounting Framework: Production
What is the primary energy supply for jets in 2015?
ENERGY BALANCE TOE
Jets
2015 10
IMPORTS 1.
10 796
DOMESTIC PRODUCTION 2.
CHANGE IN STOCKS 3.
OUTPUTS 4.
Exports
4.1
1 867
International Maritime Transport
4.2
International Aviation
4.3
CONSUMPTION OF PRIMARY ENERGY 5.

33. Energy Accounting Framework: Production
What is the primary energy supply for jets in 2015?
Other fuels had a negative primary energy supply in 2015: fueloil, naphtha, gasoline, lubricant, paraffin, solvent, propylene
What is the meaning?
ENERGY BALANCE TOE
Jets
2015 10
IMPORTS 1.
10 796
DOMESTIC PRODUCTION 2.
CHANGE IN STOCKS 3.
OUTPUTS 4.
Exports
4.1
1 867
International Maritime Transport
4.2
International Aviation
4.3
CONSUMPTION OF PRIMARY ENERGY 5.

34. The Portuguese Energetic Balance
An energetic Balance is a matrix:
Each type of fuel/energy vector is considered along the columns
Each row captures the flow of energy
ENERGETIC BALANCE TOE
Coal
Oil
Natural Gas
Gases o Outros Derivados
Electricity
heat
Industrial waste
Other Renewables
TOTAL
2008
4 = 1 a 3
22= 23
30 = 24 a 29
36 = 31 a 35 37 38
46 = 39 a 45
47=
IMPORTS 1.
DOMESTIC PRODUCTION 2.
39 800
CHANGE IN "STOCKS" 3.
5 960
- 837
97 193
OUTPUTS 4.
24 949
17 634
PRIMARY ENERGY CONSUMPTION 5.
FOR NEW ENERGY FORMS 6.
1 120
CONSUMPTION ENERGY SECTOR 7.
56 103 3
RAW MATERIAL CONSUMPTION
AVAILABLE FOR FINAL CONSUMPTION 8.
81 170
38 680
STATISTICAL DIFFERENCE 9.
9 851 12
279
FINAL CONSUMPTION
10.
71 319
AGRICULTURE AND FISHERIES
10.1
3 359
87 218
2 366 21
EXTRACTIVE INDUSTRIES
10.2
66 103
8 444
49 882
30 844 4
TRANSFORMATION INDUSTRIES
10.3
CONSTRUCTION AND PUBLIC WORKS
10.4
5 063
50 490
TRANSPORTS
10.5
6 659
46 677
3 452
DOMESTIC SECTOR
10.6
SERVICES
10.7
14 211
6 579

35. Energy Accounting Framework: Transformation
Summarizing the energy flow considered for each individual fuel or energy type

36. Energy Accounting Framework: Transformation
Main flows considered in the energy transformation sector:
How do you obtain energy for final consumption?

37. Energy Accounting Framework: Transformation
Main flows considered in the energy transformation sector:
How do you obtain energy for final consumption?

38. Energy Accounting Framework: Transformation
Main flows considered in the energy transformation sector:
Transformation of primary into secondary energies (consumption appears (+), production appears (-))
Energy sector’s own use (e.g energy used for pumping, ilumination and heating) including transmission and distribution losses
Net supply available
Statistical difference (between available for final consumption & final consumption)
Consumption as raw material
How do you obtain energy available for final consumption?
Example:
ENERGETC BALANCE toe
Natural Gas
2008 23
PRIMARY ENERGY CONSUMPTION 5.
FOR NEW ENERGY FORMS 6.
CONSUMPTION ENERGY SECTOR 7.
56 103
RAW MATERIAL CONSUMPTION
AVAILABLE FOR FINAL CONSUMPTION 8.
STATISTICAL DIFFERENCE 9.
FINAL CONSUMPTION
10.
Energetic Oil Products that are also consumed as raw material: naphta

39. Energy Accounting Framework: Transformation
Main flows considered in the energy transformation sector:
Transformation of primary into secondary energies (consumption appears (+), production appears (-))
Energy sector’s own use (e.g energy used for pumping, ilumination and heating) including transmission and distribution losses
Net supply available
Statistical difference (between available for final consumption & final consumption)
How do you obtain energy available for final consumption?
Example:
ENERGETC BALANCE toe
Natural Gas
2008 23
PRIMARY ENERGY CONSUMPTION 5.
FOR NEW ENERGY FORMS 6.
CONSUMPTION ENERGY SECTOR 7.
56 103
RAW MATERIAL CONSUMPTION
AVAILABLE FOR FINAL CONSUMPTION 8.
STATISTICAL DIFFERENCE 9.
FINAL CONSUMPTION
10.

40. Energy Accounting Framework: Transformation
Secondary energies considered:

41. Energy Accounting Framework: Transformation
Secondary energies considered:
Cogeneration of the non-energetic sector is included here
Example (natural gas, 2015):

42. Conversion Processes
What are the main conversion processes?

43. Conversion Processes (Fossil Fuels)
Oil
Electricity
Electricity & Heat (Cogeneration)
Transportation Fuels (Refineries in Sines e Matosinhos)
Non-energetic Materials (Refineries)
Coal
Electricity (Pego & Sines)
Gas
Electricity (Tapada Outeiro, Ribatejo, Lares, Pego)
Examples: chemical industry
Refinery, Sines
Examples: paper industry
CCTG Power Plant, Tapada Outeiro
Coal Power Plant, Sines

44. Conversion Processes (Renewables)
Biomass
Electricity
Total: 210 MW
Electricity & Heat (Cogeneration)
416 MW
Central Resíduos Florestais Mortágua

45. Conversion Processes (Renewables)
Paper industry
Black Liquor
Electricity & Heat (Cogeneration)
Biodiesel
Transportation Fuels
Biogás
Electricity (43 MW)
Urban Waste
Electricity (77 MW)
Industrial Waste
Heat (Co-incineration)
ValorSul, Lisboa
Aterro Sanitário com aproveitamento Biogás, Portimão

46. Conversion Processes (Fossil Fuels)
Oil
Crude oil & intermediate products are consumed for:
Fuels (Refineries)
Non-energetic Materials (Refineries)

47. Conversion Processes (Fossil Fuels)
Fueloil
Fueloil is produced in the refineries

48. Conversion Processes (Fossil Fuels)
Fueloil
Electricity
Fueloil Power Plant, Setúbal

49. Conversion Processes (Fossil Fuels)
Fueloil
Electricity
Electricity & Heat (Cogeneration)

50. Next week workgroup
Please bring your computer (1 per group) for next week pratical classes!!!!