1. Millennium Development Goals (MDG)

2.  Why the MDGs ? The 1990s: a decade of faltering progress
progress continued
… but too slowly to reach agreed targets
… and progress slowing down
….. need more care on
Under-5 mortality rate
Maternal mortality rate
Child malnutrition
Water and sanitation
Income poverty
Primary education
MDGs are meant to accelerate progress

3. In Sep 2000, representatives of 189 countries met in New York at the U
In Sep 2000, representatives of 189 countries met in New York at the U.N. Millennium Summit.
The agreed binding outcome of the Summit was the Millennium Declaration.
Rich countries are held accountable for providing greater support, i.e., scaling up ODA, providing more debt relief and allowing greater access to their markets
So developing countries are motivated to adopt MDG development strategies
A U.N. working group later supplemented the Declaration by devising a set of 8 Goals, which were eventually formulated as 21 Targets, which were measured by 60 Indicators.

5. The millennium goals: an overview
Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger (1.2 billion have less than $1 a day, 800 million are hungry)
Achieve universal primary education (113 million children are not in school)
Promote gender equality and empower women (60% of children not in school are girls, women have on average only 14% of seats in parliaments)
Reduce child mortality (every day 30,000 children die of preventable causes.)
Improve maternal health (In Africa, a woman has 1 chance in 13 of dying in childbirth)
Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases (40 million are living with HIV/AIDS, 75% of them in Africa)
Ensure environmental sustainability (1.1 billion people do not have access to clean water, over 2 billion to sanitation)
Develop a global partnership for development (ODA declined from 53 to 51 billion from 1990 to 2001)
First, a review of the MDGs – the eight goals.
In my view these goals really reflect a poor persons agenda – a truly human development agenda – reflecting the most important capabilities. They translate HD into simple and meaningful objectives. They address some of the most enduring problems of poverty in terms of peoples’ lives. It’s an agenda for eradicating poverty – human poverty not just income poverty – in the world.
So what’s new? Four things. First, these goals have quantitative specific targets. Second, they are time bound. And third, there is a political commitment and agreement. That makes MDGs a new powerful force for change, for accelerating the pace of development. Fourth and finally, these goals put poverty and human development at as the bottom line of the agenda for international cooperation. It reminds us all that things like macroeconomic stability, expanding trade, and indeed economic growth are means to this ultimate end of reducing global poverty, and challenges rich countries to focus their aid, trade and financial policies to this end.

6. MDG: Target and Indicators
Goal 1: Eradicate Extreme Poverty and Hunger
Targets 1
Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people whose income is less than one dollar a day
Indicators (3)
1.1 Proportion of population below $1 (PPP) per day
1.2 Poverty gap ratio 1.3 Share of poorest quintile in national consumption
Targets 2
Achieve full and productive employment and decent work for all, including women and young people
Indicators (4)
2.1. Growth rate of GDP per person employed
2.2. Employment to population ratio
2.3.Proportion of employed people living below $1 per day
2.4. Proportion of own-account and contributing family workers in total employment
Targets 3
Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people who suffer from hunger
Indicators (2)
3.1. Prevalence of underweight children under-five years
3.2. Proportion of population below minimum level of dietary energy consumption

7. MDG: Target and Indicators
Goal 2: Achieve Universal Primary Education
Targets 4
Ensure that, by 2015, children everywhere, boys and girls alike, will be able to complete a full course of primary schooling
Indicators (3)
4.1. Net enrollment ratio in primary education 4.2. Proportion of pupils starting grade 1 who reach last grade of primary education 4.3. Literacy rate of 15–24 year-olds, women and men
Goal 3: Promote Gender Equality and Empower Women
Targets 5
Eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education, preferably by 2005, and in all levels of education no later than 2015
5.1 Ratios of girls to boys in primary, secondary and tertiary education 5.3. Share of women in wage employment in the non-agricultural sector 5.4. Proportion of seats held by women in parliament

8. MDG: Target and Indicators
Goal 4: Reduce Child Mortality
Targets 6
Reduce by two-thirds, between 1990 and 2015, the under-five mortality rate
Indicators (3)
6.1 Under-five mortality rate 6.2 Infant mortality rate 6.3 Proportion of 1-year-old children immunized
Goal 5: Improve Maternal Health
Targets 7
Reduce by three quarters, between 1990 and 2015, the maternal mortality ratio
Indicators (2)
7.1 Maternal mortality ratio 7.2 Proportion of births attended by skilled health personnel
Targets 8
Achieve, by 2015, universal access to reproductive health
Indicators (4)
8.1 Contraceptive prevalence rate 8.2 Adolescent birth rate 8.3 Antenatal care coverage
8.4 Unmet need for family planning

9. MDG: Target and Indicators
Goal 6: Combat HYV / AIDS, Malaria and other diseases
Targets 9
Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the spread of HIV/AIDS
Indicators (4)
9.1. HIV prevalence for aged 15–24 years Condom use at last high-risk sex 9.3. Proportion of population aged 15–24 years with comprehensive knowledge of HIV/AIDS 9.4. Ratio of orphans to non-orphans school attendance aged 10–14 years
Targets 10
Achieve, by 2010, universal access to treatment for HIV/AIDS for all those who need it
Indicators (1)
10.1. Proportion of population with advanced HIV infection with access to antiretroviral drugs
Targets 11
Achieve, by 2015, universal access to reproductive health
Indicators (5)
11.1. Incidence and death rates associated with malaria Proportion of under 5 children sleeping at mosquito-bite
11.3. Proportion of children under 5 with fever who are treated with anti-malarial drugs Incidence, prevalence, and death rates for tuberculosis Proportion of tuberculosis cases detected and cured under directly observed treatment

10. MDG: Target and Indicators
Goal 7: Ensure Environmental Sustainability
Targets 12
Integrate the principles of sustainable development into country policies & programs and reverse loss of environmental resources
Indicators (5)
12.1. Proportion of land area covered by forest
12.2. CO2 emissions, total, per capita, and per $1 GDP (PPP) Consumption of ozone-depleting substances Proportion of fish stocks within safe biological limits Proportion of total water resources used
Targets 13
Reduce biodiversity loss, achieving, by 2010, a significant reduction in the rate of loss
Indicators (2)
13.1. Proportion of terrestrial and marine areas protected Proportion of species threatened with extinction
Targets 14
Halve, by 2015, the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation
14.1. Proportion of population using an improved drinking water source Proportion of population using an improved sanitation
Targets 15
By 2020, to have achieved a significant improvement in the lives of at least 100 million slum dwellers
Indicators (1)
15.1. Proportion of urban population living in slums

11. MDG: Target and Indicators
Goal 8: Develop a global partnership for development
Targets 16
Develop further an open, rule-based, predictable, non-discriminatory trading and financial system
Targets 17
Address the special needs of the least developed countries
Targets 18
Address the special needs of landlocked developing countries and small island developing States
Targets 19
Deal comprehensively with the debt problems of developing countries through national and international measures in order to make debt sustainable in the long term
Indicators (5)
19.1 Net ODA, total and to the least developed countries, as percentage of OECD/DAC donors’ gross national income
19.2 Proportion of total bilateral, sector-allocable ODA of OECD/DAC donors to basic social services (basic education, primary health care, nutrition, safe water and sanitation)
19.3 Proportion of bilateral official development assistance of OECD/DAC donors that is untied
19.4 ODA received in landlocked developing countries as a proportion of their gross national incomes
19.5 ODA received in small island developing states as a proportion of their gross national

12. Identifying MDG Progress (Numerical)
Rates of progress – actual rate
– required rate
Actual annual rate of progress - deprivation indicators (poverty, hunger, IMR…)
Xti - Xt Xt0
t1-t0
t0 – 1990 or closest year
t1 – most recent year
Xt0 – value of indicator in t0 year
Xt1 – value of indicator in t1 year

13. Required Rate of Progress (RP): α
Indicator
-1/2
Poverty incidence
-2/3
Under-5 mortality
-3/4
Maternal mortality ratio
- 1
Net enrolment ratio (no non-enrolled) -1
Gender ratios (no girls deprived)
Percentage of access to safe drinking water to non-access group

14. Progress: Actual vs Required Rate
Assessment
Condition
Slow or reversing
Actual rate of progress is less than half required rate of progress
Moderate
Actual rate of progress is more than half but less than the required rate of progress
Fast
Actual rate of progress is equal to or greater than required rate of progress

15. Eradicate Extreme Poverty
Target: Reduce extreme poverty by half
World
Bangladesh
Year
Value
Baseline year value
1991 33
58.8
Goal year value
2015
16.5
29.4
Current year value
2005 22 40
Actual rate of progress
-0.023
-0.022
Required rate of progress (α=-1/2)
-0.021
Assessed rate of progress
Fast
Progress but created disparity in Bangladesh,
However, the situation was not good in Gini coefficient in income increased from in 1991 to in 2000, Inequality increased in Bangladesh.

16. Reduce Child Mortality
Target: Reduce under-5 mortality by two-thirds
World
Bangladesh
Year
Value
Baseline year value
1990 93
1991
151
Goal year value
2015 31 50
Current year value
2007 67
2006 62
Actual rate of progress
-0.016
-0.039
Required rate of progress (α=-2/3)
-0.027
Assessed rate of progress
Moderate
Fast
Higher progress in Bangladesh
Under five mortality greatly reduced in Bangladesh because of rising awareness and expanding vaccination programs in both rural and urban areas.

17. Improve Maternal Health
Target: Reduce maternal mortality by three-fourth
World
Bangladesh
Year
Value
Baseline year value
1990
430
1991
574
Goal year value
2015
108
144
Current year value
2005
400
2006
290
Actual rate of progress
-0.005
-0.033
Required rate of progress (α=-3/4)
- 0.03
-0.03
Assessed rate of progress
Slow
Fast
Higher progress in Bangladesh,
Maternal mortality greatly reduced in Bangladesh because of expanding maternal health care programs both by government and NGOs.

18. Achieve Universal Primary Education
Target: 100% enrollment and completion of primary education
World
Bangladesh
Year
Value
Baseline year value (non-enrolled %)
1991 18 40
Goal year value (non-enrolled %)
2015
Current year value (non-enrolled %)
2007 11
2006 13
Actual rate of progress
-0.024
-0.045
Required rate of progress (α= -1) among non-enrolled boys and girls
-0.04
Assessed rate of progress
Moderate
Fast
Higher progress in Bangladesh
Primary school enrollment in Bangladesh increased highly because of free distribution of books, food for education /stipend programs, ete.

19. Promote Gender Inequality
Target: Made Ratio of boys to girls in all levels of education to 1
World
Bangladesh
Year
Value
Baseline year value (girls deprived)
1991
0.11
1992
0.54
Goal year value (girls deprived)
2015
Current year value (girls deprived)
2007
0.04
2005
0.46
Actual rate of progress
-0.045
-0.012
Required rate of progress (α= -1) among girls deprived
-0.04
Assessed rate of progress
Fast
Slow
Slow progress in Bangladesh,
Disparity reduced in primary and secondary level but not much in tertiary education, It is, however, expanding because of government incentive programs

20. Ensure Safe Water Resource
Target: Reduce the proportion of population have non-access to safe water resources by half
World
Bangladesh (rural)
Year
Value
Baseline year value (non-access)
1990 23 31
Goal year value (non-access)
2015
11.5
15.5
Current year value (non-access)
2006 13 25
Actual rate of progress
-0.03
-0.012
Required rate of progress (α= -1/2)
-0.02
Assessed rate of progress
Fast
Moderate
Slow Progress in Urban Bangladesh
Actual progress for urban areas in Bangladesh is almost zero indicating that the availability of safe water resources are reversing in urban Bangladesh.