1. Georgia Constitution and The Articles of Confederations

2. What are the next steps?
Now that the colonies have gained independence, what’s next? Brainstorm/discuss what would need to happen next as a country and for each individual colony. What do you think the biggest challenges are going to be?

3. Standards
The student will describe the impact of events that led to the ratification of the United States Constitution and Bill of Rights
Analyze the strengths and weaknesses of both the Georgia Constitution of 1777 and the Articles of Confederation and explain how weaknesses in the Articles of Confederation led to a need to revise the Articles
Describe the role of Georgia at the Constitutional Convention of 1787; include the role of Abraham Baldwin and William Few, and reasons why Georgia ratified the new constitution.

4. Word Review Ratify- To approve or make valid
Unicameral - Consisting of a single branch, chamber or house, as a legislative assembly.
Bicameral - having two branches, chambers, or houses, as a legislative body.
Confederation - local/state governments make their own laws. A weak overlying central government.

5. Podcast

6. Reading Guide AOC
1. What problem did the colonists face after gaining independence from Great Britain?
They did not know what kind of government that should have?
2. How did their experience with heavy-handed British rule effect the establishment of the new form of government?
They wanted a government that couldn’t do much
3. How many governments did they have under the Articles of Confederation?
13 Each state had their own government.
4. What was the Congress of the Confederation?
A group of representatives that make laws.
5. How many branches of government did they have?
1 Congress was the only branch of government.

7. Reading Guide AOC – Part II
6. How was voting determined among the states?
each state got one vote.
7. What were the PROS of the government established by the AOC?
1) for a not too strong (weak) government;
2) states could keep their power and independence;
3) the power to create a military to protect all the states.
8. What were the CONS of the government established by the AOC?
Did not give congress the power to enforce laws
No power to collect taxes for the military
Every single state had to agree to the changes
9. What made this very difficult to resolve?
Each state had different needs based on economy, population, and size of the state. People had different opinions – some wanted more government others wanted less.

8. Why didn’t the Articles of Confederation work?
Five Contributing Factors to Failure:
Weak Central government
No money for a military or anything else
Government did not have the power to enforce laws
All 13 had to agree in order to change the Articles.
9 out of 13 had to agree to pass laws
No Judicial Branch
No Executive Branch
One VOTE regardless of population size
Positives of the Articles:
States got to keep their power
Citizens didn’t have a powerful government telling them what to do
It gave the power to create a military to provide protection
No over taxation

9. Reading Guide: Georgia’s Constitution
1. Citizens of Georgia had two opinions regarding who should have power in the New Government. Explain the two sides.
The power was in the hands of a few wealthy landowners
To give all the people of Georgia a chance to govern themselves
In the Georgia constitution of 1777, the Parish system was eliminated. What was it replaced with?
County system
What type of legislature did the Georgia Constitution of 1777 create?
Unicameral (one house)
What powers did the legislature have?
They had the power to make appointments for the judicial branch (the courts) and the executive branch (the governor).
5. According to the Georgia Constitution of 1777, what group had the most power?
The 12 lawmakers from the legislature who served as an executive council. They could accept or reject any proposals initiated by the governor.
6. Is Georgia’s constitution more similar or different than the Articles of Confederation?

10. The Georgia Constitution of 1777
1777 – 1789 (12 years)
Based on the principles of the A.O.C.
Not capable of meeting the needs of governing the state.
Three Branches of Government

11. Legislative Unicameral, or one branch Powers Executive Council
Appoint members of the judicial and executive branch

12. Executive Branch John Treutlen Governor
Appointed by legislative branch
Limited to a ONE year term
Very little power
Who became Georgia’s first governor after Independence?
John Treutlen

13. Judicial Branch All Courts
Legislature appointed the positions for this branch

14. Freedoms of the People Freedom of :
Press
Religion
Trial by jury
The people were not given the opportunity to ratify the constitution

15. Articles of Confederation
1777 – 1789 (12 years)
America’s first constitution, but not the same as we have today
Provided a very WEAK central government
Due to their experience with Britain’s monarchy, their goal was to give as most of the power to the people through “autonomy” of the states.
Too many limitations caused the government not to function smoothly

16. National Government’s
Powers
Did not have Power
Declare War
Coin Money
Establish post offices
Send and recall Ambassadors
Could not impose tax
Could not regulate the trade of goods between the states (states could put taxes on each other)

17. Overall Weakness of the AOC
Strong legislative branch
No Executive branch
No Judicial branch
Each state had its own currency
All 9 OUT OF 13 states had to approve a law for it to pass
ONE vote per state no matter the size of the population

18. Thursday, rd
Agenda: -C.C. Simulation
Warm Up: Answer the questions below on your warm up sheet: 1. How did the A.O.C. assure that citizens would not experience the same oppression as the past? 2. How are the A.O.C. and the Ga Constitution of 1777 similar? 3. How are the A.O.C. and the Ga Constitution of 1777 different?

19. The Articles of Confederation
QUICK QUIZ!
The Articles of Confederation

20. Under the Articles of Confederation, a President would lead the country.
Think
About It
 True
 False 

21. Under the Articles of Confederation, states would be independent.
Think
About It 
 True
 False

22. The Articles of Confederation were easy to change.
Think
About It
 True
 False 

23. Under the Articles, states with more people got more votes in Congress.
Think
About It
 True
 False 

24. Under the Articles, Congress did not have the power to collect taxes.
Think
About It 
 True
 False

25. Under the Articles, Congress could pass laws and force states to follow them.
Think
About It
 True
 False 

26. The Articles of Confederation created the first American government.
Think
About It 
 True
 False

27. Complaints of the Articles of Confederation
Working class poor were attacking the wealthy upper class citizens, but without a court system there were few consequences.
Roadways and bridges were in poor condition and transportation could not be improved with a lack of funding. This effects trade throughout.
British Navy was kidnapping American sailors into forced labor.
With no court system, individuals had not system in place to make complaints against the national government.
Blocking a bill only took FIVE states. By 1780 the states of Delaware, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, Georgia and New Jersey had less than 400,000 people combined….while Virginia ALONE had over 500,000. This allowed for a small percentage of the population to affect decisions that would benefit/impact the majority of the county.
Britain reoccupied forts in the Northwest territory breaking the agreements of The Treaty of Paris

28. Complaints of the Articles of Confederation
The States were threatening war with each other, and there were armed uprisings and riots across the land. 
The British navy had destroyed many American ships during the war which disrupted trade.
States negotiated their own trade deals with Europe, and they protected their own interests at the expense of the other States.
Each State was printing their own money, which depreciated soon after the war. Many returning soldiers were paid in currency they considered to be worthless.
Many farmers were unable to pay for their land mortgages. To be able to vote during this time, you had to own land; losing land meant loss of voting status.
Unpaid soldiers threatened to march on Congress.
The British banned certain goods as well as ships from Caribbean trade which hurt northern states hard.
Congress had to depend on “financial contributions” from states, but requests for contributions was often denied.
1786 – The United States was bankrupt

29. AOC Video

30. Dear Fellow Delegates, Welcome to Independence Hall in the city of Philadelphia! As you know, you have been selected as a delegate to represent your home state during these proceedings. Our purpose is to discuss the defects found in our current government under the Articles of Confederation. Your input is not only desired, but necessary so that we can guarantee "life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness" to all Americans. I ask you to remember that whatever is said in these meetings is to be held in the strictest of confidence. Again, welcome to Philadelphia and thank you for helping to secure the best possible government for our country. Sincerely, James Madison

31. Friday, th
Agenda: -Constitutional Convention
Warm Up: Answer the questions below on your warm up sheet: 1. What were the strengths of the Georgia Constitution of 1777? 2. What were the weaknesses of the Georgia Constitution of 1777?

32. What you need to prepare:
Look at the 13 Articles of Confederation and make suggested changes that will improve the state of the nation
Write any additional Articles that you feel are needed to promote a successful, unified nation.
Write any additional Articles that you feel are need to protect the interests of your state.

33. Constitutional Convention Simulation
You and your partner must prepare to represent your state at the upcoming Constitutional Convention in order to secure the specific needs for your state as well as provide for the unity of our nation.
Read the information on your colony. Be sure to take in consideration the following:
Population (including slave population)
Economy
Trade
Other specific interests.
Prepare for the Constitutional Convention by either amending the current Articles of Confederation, or creating new articles that will benefit your colony in a new national government.

34. The Constitutional Convention

35. First Order of Business: Establish Rules
There will be TWO rounds.
Round One: Adjustments to current Articles of Confederation
Round Two: Presentation of NEW articles to the constitution
Each delegate has received a Wish to Speak card. When a you want to contribute to the conversation, place this card to edge of your desk so the moderate can see. If a delegate is out of line and speaks without being called, they will loose their turn to contribute.
Delegates will use their voting cards to vote in favor of or DENY a law.
Secondary delegates may tap in at any time during the discussion, and will be in seat one for the second round discussion.
Delegates should be recording notes to help in response to suggested laws.

36. Round One: Amending the Current Articles

37. Round Two: Introduce New Rights/Laws

38. Closure Questions
The students will reflect on 2 cons about the Constitutional Convention and 1 pro of the Constitutional Convention.
Was it easy to agree on issues?
Did you feel happy with the results of the Constitution?
Are there lingering problems with the Constitution? 

39. What happened at the real convention?
The first orders of business was to elect George Washington as the president of the convention and establish rules such as complete secrecy.
Four days later, a representative from Virginia presented a plan for a new government structure.
The Virginia Plan called for a strong national government with both branches of the legislative branch apportioned by population. The plan gave the national government the power to legislate "in all cases in which the separate States are incompetent" and even gave a proposed national Council of Revision a veto power over state legislatures.
The New Jersey Plan kept federal powers rather limited and created no new Congress. Instead, the plan enlarged some of the powers then held by the Continental Congress. Paterson made plain the adamant opposition of delegates from many of the smaller states to any new plan that would deprive them of equal voting power ("equal suffrage") in the legislative branch.
3. Over the next three months, delegates had to work out compromises between the two competing plans.

40. Problems with the Articles of Confederation
The Articles of Confederation were purposefully designed to provide the people with as much power as possible.
After their recent history, they wanted to limit taxes.
(1)This created a very weak central government and lead to many problems including:
Fighting over land and sea rights
(2)Lack of funds meant they could not maintain an Army or Navy and they could not build roads or canals
(3) Difficulty passing laws because all 13 states had to agree

41. Creating a New U.S. Constitution
Government

42. Constitutional Convention
(4) The convention was held at Independence Hall in Philadelphia in There were 55 delegates in attendance, representing every state except Rhode Island.
(5) The initial intention of the meeting was to simply revise the Articles of Confederation, but it resulted in an entirely new government and constitution.

43. Georgia in the Constitutional Convention
(6) Georgia, and other Southern delegates, were unified in their relentless support of slavery.
This lead to:
(7) Three-Fifths Compromise- a compromise agreed upon by the North and the South which allowed for slaves to count toward a state’s overall population by counting slaves as “3/5 of a person.”

44. Georgia in the Constitutional Convention
Georgian, Abraham Baldwin, is given credit for changing his vote to side with the “small states” in the Congressional representation debate. This decision evened the numbers for and against the Virginia Plan and allowed for the Great Compromise.
(8) The Great Compromise- created a bicameral legislature where each state had two members in the Senate but representation in the House of Representatives was based on the state’s population.

45. (9) Abraham Baldwin One of four Georgians at Constitutional Convention
Served FIVE terms as U.S. Congressman
Served TWO terms as U.S. Senator
Most famous for his role in the creation of the University of Georgia and served UGA’s first president.

46. William Few
(10) He did not make a major impression at the Constitutional Congress
(11) But- he later served as a senator, a representative, and a judge in the state of Georgia
(11) In New York he became a member of the legislature and a bank president.

47. Georgia Stories
Video Link

48. Changes to the New Constitution

49. Reading pages
With the new constitution, the government was formed by THREE branches instead of ONE: legislative, executive, and judicial.
The legislative branch was now BICAMERAL instead of UNICAMERAL. They created the SENATE and the HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES.
With changing times and circumstances, the delegates provided for a method of amending, or making changes or additions, to the U.S. Constitution.
The first ten amendments made to the Constitution are known as the Bill of Rights.
Video – School House Rock

50. Executive Branch Enforces the Laws
Legislative Branch Makes the Laws
Judicial Branch Interprets the Laws
President, Vice President, The Cabinet, Departments (Defense ,Education)
Supreme Court
U.S. District Courts
Special Courts (tax)
Bi Cameral
-House of Reps (2)
Senate (6)
-Elected by the people

51. Checks and Balances
Checks and balances- the system that provides to each branch of government some power that controls or prevents some actions of the other two branches
Separation of Power- a division of responsibilities for government among the three branches (legislative, judicial, and executive)
Without checks and balances and separation of power, one person or portion of the government would have unlimited power.
This is the creation of an oligarchy, autocratic, or dictatorship.

52. Checks and Balances Can appoint Supreme Court justices and judges
Can veto bills and call emergency sessions of Congress
Can decide if presidential acts are constitutional
Can impeach the President, override a veto and confirm executive appointments.
Can interpret constitutionality of laws.
Can confirm or impeach judicial appointments, such as Supreme Court justices.

53. articles vs. constitution
QUICK QUIZ!
articles vs. constitution

54. Articles, Constitution or Both?
A) Created a president
Articles, Constitution or Both?
Both
Articles
Constitution
Decide whether each statement applies to the Articles of Confederation, the Constitution, or both. A

55. Articles, Constitution or Both?
B) Created a government
Articles, Constitution or Both?
Both
Articles
Constitution
Decide whether each statement applies to the Articles of Confederation, the Constitution, or both. A B

56. Articles, Constitution or Both?
C) Had one branch of government
Articles, Constitution or Both?
Both
Articles
Constitution
Decide whether each statement applies to the Articles of Confederation, the Constitution, or both. A C B

57. Articles, Constitution or Both?
D) Had enough power to do its job
Articles, Constitution or Both?
Both
Articles
Constitution
Decide whether each statement applies to the Articles of Confederation, the Constitution, or both. A C D B

58. Articles, Constitution or Both?
E) Created a court system
Articles, Constitution or Both?
Both
Articles
Constitution
Decide whether each statement applies to the Articles of Confederation, the Constitution, or both. A C D B E

59. Articles, Constitution or Both?
F) Gave large and small states the same power
Articles, Constitution or Both?
Both
Articles
Constitution
Decide whether each statement applies to the Articles of Confederation, the Constitution, or both. A C D B F E

60. Articles, Constitution or Both?
G) Created a Legislature (Congress)
Articles, Constitution or Both?
Both
Articles
Constitution
Decide whether each statement applies to the Articles of Confederation, the Constitution, or both. A C G D B F E

61. Articles, Constitution or Both?
H) Compromised between large and small states
Articles, Constitution or Both?
Both H
Articles
Constitution
Decide whether each statement applies to the Articles of Confederation, the Constitution, or both. A C G D B F E

62. Articles, Constitution or Both?
I) Created a military
Articles, Constitution or Both?
Both H
Articles
Constitution
Decide whether each statement applies to the Articles of Confederation, the Constitution, or both. A I C G D B F E

63. Articles, Constitution or Both?
J) Didn’t let Congress enforce its laws
Articles, Constitution or Both?
Both H
Articles
Constitution J
Decide whether each statement applies to the Articles of Confederation, the Constitution, or both. A I C G D B F E

64. Articles, Constitution or Both?
K) Incorporated a system to change with time and circumstance
Articles, Constitution or Both?
Both H
Articles
Constitution J
Decide whether each statement applies to the Articles of Confederation, the Constitution, or both. A I C G D K B F E

65. What is the purpose of the U.S. Constitution?
Quick Review
What is the purpose of the U.S. Constitution?
What are the Bill of Rights?
What is the purpose of the Bill of Rights?

66. Your TASK:
Each group will be assigned to one of the TEN Bill of Rights
Your group will use page 508 to create a POSTER explaining your Bill.
Title
Explanation
Color Illustration
You will have 15 – 20 minutes to complete your task, then you will present to the class!!

67. Amending the Constitution
There have been 11,372 attempts to amend the Constitution since 1789
Only 27 have been approved Congress and ratified by the states.

68. Which Branch Has the Power? Which branch is being checked?
1. Create and pass legislation
2. Veto Bills
3.Ratify treaties
4.Appoint federal judges
5. Impeachment of federal officials
6. Confirm appointments of presidential appointments
7. Declare laws unconstitutional
8. Override Presidential Vetoes
9. Judges are appointed for life
10. Controls appropriations of money.
executive
Legislature
executive
Legislature
Legislature
executive
executive
Judicial
executive
Legislature
Legislature
Executive/judicial
Judicial
Legislature/executive
executive
Legislature
Judicial
Legislature/executive
Legislature

69. Three Branches Executive Judicial Legislative Action Enforces Laws
Includes
President
Vice President
Cabinet
Departments (Education/Defense)
Checks and Balances
Can appoint Supreme Court and federal judges
Can veto bills and call emergency sessions of congress
Interprets Laws
Supreme Court
Lower Courts
Special Courts
Can decide if presidential acts are constitutional
Can interpret constitutionality of laws
Makes laws
Senate
House of Representatives
Can confirm or impeach judicial appointments, such as Supreme Court Justices
Can impeach the president, override a veto and confirm executive appointment.

70. Amendment 1 Freedom of religion Speech Press Right to assemble
Petition the government

71. Amendment 2 Right to bear arms Relates to the maintenance of a militia
~Restrictions on this right include requiring gun license, and restricting concealed weapons

72. Amendment 3
Prohibits stations of troops in homes without consent

73. Amendment 4
Protects against unreasonable searches and seizures and requires probable cause for search warrants
Illegally obtained evidence is not allowed in court

74. Amendment 5
Grand jury indicted before you can be tried for a capital crime
protects against double jeopardy
Free from self-incrimination (do not have to testify against yourself)
Guarantees due process
Eminent domain- governed cannot take private property for public use without compensation.

75. Amendment 6 Ensures right to speedy trial Must be informed of charges
Right to counsel (attorney)
Accused must be present to hear witness testifying against him/her
Accused has the right to call witnesses in his/her favor

76. Amendment 7 Provides trial by jury
Preserved for cases involving more than $20

77. Amendment 8 Prohibits excessive bail or extreme fines
Prohibits cruel and unusual punishment.

78. 9th Amendment
DISCLAIMER: People have MANY other rights other than those listed specifically in the constitution

79. 10th Amendment
Gives the states and the people all powers not specifically mentioned in the constitution.
States create their own laws

80. Bill of Rights A brief introduction to the Bill of Rights

81. We know our rights, but what are our responsibilities????
Freedom of Speech
Freedom of Religion
Freedom of Press
Freedom to Peaceably Assemble
Freedom to Petition the Government
Right to keep and bear arms
Freedom from quartering soldiers
Right to a speedy trial
Right to an attorney
Freedom from self incrimination Freedom from excessive fines or bails
Freedom from cruel and unusual punishment
People have other rights not listed
The state gets to determine other rights for their people
RESPONSIBILITIES
Vote
Register for selective service
Serve jury duty
Obey the laws of state and nation
Pay taxes
Report illegal activity
Sing the national anthem
Pledge to the flag

82. When your table is called, go over to the GREEN paper.
Post-it
When your table is called, go over to the GREEN paper.
Put the YELLOW sticky on the number of the amendment that you feel is the MOST USELESS
Put a PINK sticky on the number of the amendment that you think is the most IMPORTANT.

83. Scenarios #1 – Yes – 6: Right to Counsel #2 – Yes – 7: Right to a jury
#3- Yes – 2, 4, 5: Bear arms, illegal search, due process
#4 – Yes – 5 and 6: Self-incrimination, right to counsel
#5 – Yes- 3: No Quartering
#6- No – 4: Search and Seizure
#7 – Yes – 1: Right Assemble

84. Scenarios #8 – No – 8: Unreasonable Punishment
#9 – Yes- 2: Right to Bear Arms
#10- N0 – 1: Freedom of Pres

85. Scenarios #8 – No – 8: Unreasonable Punishment
#9 – Yes- 2: Right to Bear Arms
#10- N0 – 1: Freedom of Pres