1. PROPERTY D SLIDES NOW THAT’S A CLAM BAKE!
: National Bunsen Burner Day &
National Clams on the Half Shell Day
NOW THAT’S A CLAM BAKE!

2. Badlands: Can Get Hard Copy from me if You Wish
Thursday April 16 Music (to Accompany Dupont): Jewel: Spirit (1998) featuring “Deep Water”
CLASS TOMORROW: 7:55-9:45
Advice on Course Selection
Review Problem 5J
ACADIA (Arguments for E-by-E)
BADLANDS (Arguments Against)
EVERGLADES (Critique)
Completion of Prescriptive Easements (Sequoia)
Brief Intro to Chapter 7 (Bring)
Rev. Prob. 5M (Olympic)
1ST CRITIQUES
Badlands: Can Get Hard Copy from me if You Wish
Everglades: Can Get from Me Now
Olympic: Will to You Monday.

3. Arguments from 3 Blackletter Tests (incl. Missing/Ambiguous Facts)
Review Problem 5D (S100): BadlandsCritique Everglades = P Andy/Serv. Olympic= D Gudridge Academy/Dom.
S-acre = Large wooded lot between public road & private beach.
Dawson Inst. = Former art school for college-aged students
Got as gift from GF an easement to use the private beach and the driveway during daylight hours.
DI students used driveway & beach to sketch or paint.
Gudridge Academy buys Dawson Inst.
Runs post-high school “transition schools” for troubled teens.
Uses easement for student athletic activities like running /swimming
Arguments from 3 Blackletter Tests
(incl. Missing/Ambiguous Facts)

4. Review Problem 5D (S100): BadlandsCritique Everglades = P Andy/Serv
Review Problem 5D (S100): BadlandsCritique Everglades = P Andy/Serv. Olympic= D Gudridge Academy/Dom.
S-acre = Large wooded lot between public road & private beach.
House on lot built by grandfather (GF) of present owner A
Paved driveway connects road & beach w branch in middle to house
Dawson Inst. = Former art school for college-aged students
Used to be across road from S-acre
Got as gift from GF an easement to use the private beach and the driveway during daylight hours.
DI students used driveway & beach to sketch or paint.

5. “Use must be reasonable considering the terms of the grant”
Review Problem 5D: EVERGLADES = P Andy/Serv. OLYMPIC = D Gudr. Acad./Dom. Badlands Critique
“Use must be reasonable considering the terms of the grant”
The owner of Silver-Acre, for himself, his successors and assigns, grants the Dawson Institute, its successors and assigns, the right for its owners, employees and pupils to use, during daylight hours, the private beach on Victory Bay and the driveway connecting the beach to the county road.

6. (incl. Missing/Ambiguous Facts)?
Review Problem 5D: EVERGLADES = P Andy/Serv. OLYMPIC = D Gudr. Acad./Dom. Badlands Critique
“Burden must not be significantly greater than that contemplated by parties”
Arguments
(incl. Missing/Ambiguous Facts)?

7. Review Problem 5D: EVERGLADES = P Andy/Serv. OLYMPIC = D Gudr. Acad
Review Problem 5D: EVERGLADES = P Andy/Serv. OLYMPIC = D Gudr. Acad./Dom. Badlands Critique
“Evolutionary not revolutionary” changes allowed.
(Chevy Chase: Same “Quality)
Arguments (incl. Missing/Ambiguous Facts)?

8. DF Sessions: Tomorrow and Tuesday
Review Problem 5F (2014 Short Scope Problem) & Review Problem 5H (Lawyering Scope Problem)

9. Chapter 5: Easements Implied Easements Intoduction
Interpreting Language
Easement v. Fee
Scope of Express Easements
Implied Easements
By Estoppel
By Implication and/or Necessity (cont’d)
By Prescription

10. Easement-by-Implication & Easement-by-Necessity: Review
Both Arise from Split of Larger Parcel
Different Requirements
Sometimes Same Facts Can Give Rise to Both.

11. Parties Intend Prior Existing Use Should Continue
Easement-by-Implication Review of Elements (States Vary on Formulation)
Parties Intend Prior Existing Use Should Continue
One parcel is split in two
Prior Use (“Quasi-Easement”)
Intent to continue prior use
*Apparent, visible or reasonably discoverable
*Some degree of necessity
* Some jurisdictions treat 4 & 5 as separate elements; some treat as evidence of intent

12. Easement-by-Necessity Review of Elements
Split Creates Landlocked Parcel Needing Access
One parcel is split in two
Landlock: One resulting parcel is cut off from key access (e.g. to roads or sewer system) by other parcel (alone or in combination with parcels owned by 3d parties).
At time parcels split, access necessary to enjoyment of landlocked parcel

13. BADLANDS: DuPont v. Whiteside (cont’d)
NORBECK PASS

14. Dupont & Easement-by-Necessity (Badlands)
Duponts sell Three-Part Lot to Whitesides
“Riverfront” where W’s want to build house
“Lower Portion”: accessible from public road
“Wetlands” in between
Undisputed that, prior to sale, Duponts built road across their own land providing access to Riverfront so Whiteheads could build.
Dispute as to whether Duponts said this access was permanent or temporary.

15. Easement-by-Necessity (Badlands) Review: Necessity in Dupont Opinions
Duponts sell Three-Part Lot to Whitesides
“Riverfront” where W’s want to build house
“Lower Portion”: accessible from public road
“Wetlands” in between
Majority: Not Strict Necessity:
Access available to Lower Portion
Possibility of road across Wetlands (though expert said $40,000-50,000)
Dissent: Meets Strict Necessity:
Getting road built across Wetlands costs time, $$, and conservation easement (giving up use of some of land)
“Might be easier to traverse a river by walking across the surface”

16. Easement-by-Necessity (Badlands) Necessity in Dupont = Tricky in 1981
Lot as a whole was not landlocked at split (road to Lower Portion of lot existed)

17. Easement-by-Necessity (Badlands) Necessity in Dupont = Tricky in 1981
Lot as a whole was not landlocked at split (road to Lower Portion of lot existed)
Access to house on Riverfront not necessary for enjoyment of lot at time of split (house built later)

18. Easement-by-Necessity (Badlands) Necessity in Dupont = Tricky in 1981
Lot as a whole was not landlocked at split (road to Lower Portion of lot existed)
Access to house on Riverfront not necessary for enjoyment of lot at split (house built later)
Wetlands Regulations greatly raise cost of road, but no evidence if Regs existed at split (probably not in 1980).

19. Easement-by-Necessity (Badlands) Necessity in Dupont = Tricky in 1981
Lot as a whole was not landlocked at split (road to Lower Portion of lot existed)
Access to house on Riverfront not necessary for enjoyment of lot at split (house built later)
Wetlands Regs greatly raise cost of road, but no evidence if Regs existed at split (probably not).
To get E-by-N for Riverfront, need to treat large parcel as two separate lots divided by water with no access between them (cf. Dissent re “no bridge”)

20. Easement-by-Necessity (Badlands) Dupont: Necessity Confusing in FL
Fl. Stats. on Easement-by-Necessity
§704.01(1): “reasonably necessary”; “reasonable & practicable”
§704.03: “practicable” means w/o use of “bridge, ferry, turnpike road, embankment or substantial fill.”
Tortoise Island (Fla SCt reading statute): “absolute necessity”
Hunter (1st DCA interpreting Tortoise Island): “no other reasonable mode of accessing the property”
[THANKS A BUNCH!]

21. Dupont & Easement-by-Necessity (Badlands)
Possible Implied Easements?
Easement-by-Necessity: Turns on Necessity
Easement-by-Implication: Why Not? (Look to Elements)
Easement-by-Prescription:
Easement-by Estoppel:

22. Easement-by-Implication Elements: States Vary on Formulation
One parcel is split in two
Prior Use (“Quasi-Easement”)
Intent to continue prior use
*Apparent, visible or reasonably discoverable
*Some degree of necessity
* Some jurisdictions treat 4 & 5 as separate elements; some treat as evidence of intent

23. DuPont & Easement-by-Necessity (Badlands)
Possible Implied Easements?
Easement-by-Necessity: Turns on Necessity
Easement-by-Implication: No Prior Use
Easement-by-Prescription: Why Not? (Look at Elements)
Easement-by Estoppel:

24. Easement-by-Prescription Elements
[Actual] Use of Pathway
Open & Notorious
Continuous (14 years; Florida SoL = 7)
Adverse/Hostile
(Most Jurisdictions Don’t Require Exclusive)

25. Dupont & Easement-by-Necessity (Badlands)
Possible Implied Easements?
Easement-by-Necessity: Turns on Necessity
Easement-by-Implication: No Prior Use
Easement-by-Prescription: Clear Permission
Easement-by Estoppel: Was there Reliance that was Reasonable & Detrimental (Under Claimants’ View of Facts) ?

26. Dupont & Easement-by-Necessity (Badlands)
Easement-by Estoppel: (“Irrevokable License”)
Good Case for Reliance under Ws’ Version of Facts
Detrimental: Bought lot & spent $240K in 1981 to build house
Reasonable: Probably, since road built before purchase
Under Ds’ version of facts?
Reasonable: If D’s Say “Temporary” & Ws Spend $$?
Note that Ds Not Very Sympathetic: License Revoked After 14 Years for No Apparent Reason
Court Remands for Determination
Questions on Dupont?

27. SEWAGE PIPE HYPOTHETICAL: 6 5 4 3 2 1
To City Sewer 
E-by-I Raised: Pipes in Use Before O Sells Separate Units.
E-by-N Raised: Split Creates “Landlocked” Lot b/c Sewage Disposal Must Cross Anther Lot

28. What constitutes notice of underground pipes?
Easement-by-Implication & Easement-by-Necessity: Sewage Pipe Hypothetical
Notice Issues
What constitutes notice of underground pipes?
Actual Knowledge
Courts tend to be generous re Inquiry Notice
Sometimes: From any visible element (pipe ends; manhole covers) (See Kirma cited in Williams P795)
Sometimes: From need for utility service + no visible access

29. Easement-by-Implication & Easement-by-Necessity: Sewage Pipe Hypothetical
Necessity Issues
Is utilities access “Necessary”?: Cases split:
Lot not worthless or landlocked (re physical access); usually possible to get utility service at some expense.
BUT can’t use for many purposes without new expensive utility connection

30. Rev. Probs. 5K & 5M: We’ll Return to Sewage Pipe Hypo
Easement-by-Implication & Easement-by-Necessity: Sewage Pipe Hypothetical
Necessity Issues
Is utilities access “Necessary”?: Cases split
Assuming some access to utilities is necessary, how expensive must alternatives be to meet tests?
Drill through mountain ridge?
Policy: Very inefficient to reroute utility service if existing pipes or wires (cf. Marcus Cable)
Rev. Probs. 5K & 5M: We’ll Return to Sewage Pipe Hypo
& Implied Easements

31. Review Problem 5L (S104): Thursday 4/7 Opinion/Dissent Q: Assume Facts Sufficient for E-by-N Everglades: Range of [Policy] Arguments for Allowing Knowing Waiver of Easement by Necessity Olympic: Range of [Policy] Arguments for Prohibiting Waivers of Easement by Necessity Acadia: Critique

32. Chapter 5: Easements Implied Easements Overview & Terminology
Interpreting Language
Easement v. Fee
Scope of Express Easements
Implied Easements
By Estoppel
By Implication and/or Necessity
By Prescription

33. SEQUOIA: Easements-by-Prescription & DQs 6.08-6.11
SEQUOIAS

34. Easement-by-Prescription Generally
Easement Created by Particular Use of Another’s Land for Adverse Possession Period
Need to Show Adverse Possession Elements (with Some Variations in Some States)
We’ll Look at Elements Individually