1. Rank-Size Rule The larger the city-the fewer there are-
Model indicates that the population of a city or town in inversely proportional (the fraction) to its rank in the hierarchy
If largest city is 12 million then 2nd largest is 6 m. (1/2) 3rd largest is 4 m. (1/3) 4th largest is 3 m. or (1/4) 10th largest is 1.2 million
Rank-Size Rule does
Not apply to primate
Cities such as Paris,
Mexico City and so
forth
Tokyo-Shinkuju District-Tokyo now has 28 m.& stretches 45 miles-the world’s largest urban center.
Note the fraction bottom number gets larger-hence the reverse proportion.
If time permits-Hand out Road Atlas and look at Iowa or another Great Plains state where the rank size rule holds true
Rank-Size Rule:
in a model urban hierarchy, the population of the city or town will be inversely proportional to its rank in the hierarchy. For example:
largest city = 12 million
2nd largest = 6 million
3rd largest = 4 million
4th largest = 3 million

2. Urban Function Every city or town has an economic base.
Basic sector-workers who produce goods for export or local consumption
Non Basic sector or Service sector-workers who maintain the city, work in offices and provide services for others
The number of Non basic sector workers is always greater than Basic sector workers-as cities increase in size the ratio increases
Most large cities have a ratio of 1 to 2
Multiplier Effect-if a business adds 50 manufacturing jobs (basic), another 100 service (non-basic) workers will be added to the work force
Multiplier Effect can also work in reverse-when Basic Sector jobs are lost-many more Non Basic sector jobs are lost as well

3. Functional Specialization
A dominant service or industry was found in many cities during the Industrial Revolution.
Chauncy Harris wrote “A Functional Classification of Cities in the United States” in 1943-in it he described the concentration of manufacturing cities in the Northeast with functional specialization and the wide diversity of western cities with no dominant function
e.g. Detroit-automobiles, Pittsburgh-steel
Las Vegas and Atlantic City gambling
Leadville, Colorado-mining
Vero Beach, Florida-resorts
Trend today is toward diversity-especially in the Rustbelt.

4. Central Place Theory
Central Places-hierarchy is based on population, function & services.
Economic reach-how functions & services attract customers from areas beyond the urban limits.
Centrality-the central position & ability to attract customers to a village, town or city.
Range of Sale-the distance people are willing to travel to buy goods or services
As transportation improvements made longer trips for services possible and practical, many small hamlets, villages and towns declined in North America for example.

5. Central Place Theory
Christaller tried to determine the degree of centrality of various places.
He created a model to show how central places in the urban hierarchy are spatially distributed.
He assumed:
No physical barriers
Soil and surface of equal quality
Even distribution of population
Uniform transportation system
Although no area on earth is isotropic (same in all directions) Christaller’s model has proven useful in planning new cities-in polder land in the Netherlands, Brazil’s Amazonia development

6. Hexagonal Hinterlands
C = city
T = town
V = village
H = hamlet

7. Hexagonal Hinterlands
Christaller’s urban model showed that each central place had a complementary hinterland.
The hexagonal model solves the overlap problem that circles would have.
Nesting arrangement- region within a region- each larger complementary region is centered on a higher order urban place
Black lines=hamlet hinterland
Red lines=village hinterland
Blue lines=town hinterland
Green lines=city hinterland
Christaller’s model confirmed that the general map pattern is not an accident, but the function of specific economic forces that create a regular rank-size pattern

8. Central Business District
Downtown-the core of the city with high-rise skyscrapers, heavy traffic, production, education, services etc.
The CBD is the urban area of commercial & industrial zones within a ring of residential areas.
Suburb-an outlying residential area of the urban region that is most pronounced in the US
Residential areas of Chicago in 1920 were used as basis for many studies and models of the city. Compare this pattern with the Concentric Zone and Sector Models
Because of the 1871 Fire-Chicago exhibited a more pronounced social patterning than existed in other large older cities
Chicago became segregated with rings of rising affluence.
Yet wealthy continue to monopolize the “Gold Coast and other parts of the city
Burgess accounted or this by stating the rich tended to monopolize hills, lakes, and shorelines
Zoning established parks and public areas along the Lake Michigan shore (Burnham Plan that prevented industrial development along the Lake

9. Bid Rent
The price paid to rent or purchase urban land is a reflection of its utility or usefulness.
Utility is a product of accessibility to customers & workers or for residents to jobs and amenities.
Poorest households occupy the more accessible locations near city centers in the US and the wealthiest live in the farthest suburbs-in most of the world it is the opposite-the wealthiest live near the city center and the poorest live in slums, favelas or barrios on the outskirts of the city.

10. Modeling the North American City
Concentric zone model (Ernest Burgess)
Sector model (Homer Hoyt)
Multiple Nuclei Model
(Chauncy Harris and Edward Ullman)

11. Classic Models of Urban Structure
Ernest Burgess Concentric Zone Model based on studies of Chicago.
CBD-financial, retail, theater, museums etc.
Transition to residential with deterioration-some light industry
Blue collar labor housing
Middle class residential
Suburban ring
Burgess was a University of Chicago professor of Sociology who studied the culture and urban structure of Chicago.
The dynamic inner ring grew and encroached on zones 2 &3
Zone 2 transition between CBD & residential with rooming houses, small apartments, tenements for low income, slums & skid row, some ethnic ghettos
Zone 3 Workingmen’s quarters-ethnic neighborhoods of blue collar immigrant workers who moved out of zone 2 in flats or single family dwellings
Zone 4 better middle class housing
Zone 5 commuter zone of higher income families in suburbs or furthest extent of trolley lines

12. Functional Zonation
The division of the city into certain regions (zones) for certain purposes (functions).
Cairo, Egypt
Central city (above)
Housing projects (right)

13. Classic Models of Urban Structure
Homer Hoyt-1939 Sector Model based on studies of 142 US cities.
Pie-shaped wedges created by Hoyt compensated for the drawbacks of the Ring Model
Low Rent areas & High Rent areas could extend to the outer edge
Transportation and industrial zones accounted for the sectors
Hoyt was an economist who studied housing data for 142 American cities and presented his Sector Model in 1939

14. Subsidiary and competing CBDs developed (Edge Cities)
Chauncy Harris & Edward Ullman Multiple Nuclei Sector Model 1945 showed that CBD is not the sole force in creating land-use patterns.
They said that Concentric Rings & Pie-shaped models had drawbacks as CBDs were losing dominance
Subsidiary and competing CBDs developed (Edge Cities)
Suburbanization accelerated the change with shopping malls and mass transit
The multiple nuclei model takes into account the various factors of decentralization that are taking place.

15. Chicago grew from 30,000 in 1850 to 500,000 by 1861 and
2.3 million by 1911.
Chicago experienced explosive growth in the late 19th century.
4 square miles of the city were destroyed in the 1871 Fire
Rapidly rebuilt with the industrialists taking the opportunity to build impressive new structures downtown-birth of the skyscraper. The City’s economic and social elite colonized the Lake Michigan shore, while heavy industry, warehouses and rail yards crowded the banks of the Chicago River.
To the south the Union Stockyards and a pocket of heavy industry developed where the Calumet River met Lake Michigan. All around were the homes of working families-neighborhoods spread rapidly outward as wave after wave of immigrants arrived.
Chicago’s Edge Cities

16. Each realm is a separate economic, social and political entity that is linked together to form a larger metro framework.
By 1970 the outer cities were becoming increasingly independent with their own CBDs that duplicated functions of the central city. Regional shopping centers, business and industrial parks developed in the suburban areas due to cheaper land prices and the availability of customers or workers. T. Hartshorn and P. O. Muller described the new urban realms in “Suburban Downtowns and the Transformation of Metropolitan Atlanta’s Business Landscape” in Urban Geography 1989
Post WWII-rapid expansion of
cities and suburbs led to Edge
Cities with their own CBD

17. Why Do Inner Cities Still Attract People?
Recreational facilities
Orchestras, theaters and venues for popular music concerts
Museums and art galleries
Sport teams and sporting arenas
Banks and high finance institutions
Universities and research facilities
Specialized research hospitals and medical specialists
Shopping and specialized stores

18. Making Cities in the Global Core
Redlining – financial institutions refusing to lend money in certain neighborhoods.
Blockbusting – realtors purposefully sell a home at a low price to an African American and then solicit white residents to sell their homes at low prices, to generate “white flight.”

19. Problems in Urban America
200 years ago only 5% of world was urbanized
Today about 50% is urban
Germany, Spain & Belgium are over 90% urban
World wide urban problems are:
pollution
poor sanitation
drugs and crime
congestion and noise
substandard housing & slums

20. Problems in Urban America
With urban sprawl and expanding suburbs-inner city shrinks
CBD is often reduced to serving just the inner metro area
As basic sector jobs leave- large cities have shifted to service industries
Loss of tax base as businesses, industries and services leave
Urban decay results
Unable to fund adequate schools, crime prevention programs, public housing and services-a downward spiral begins.
Row houses abandoned in North Philadelphia

21. Problems in Urban America
New York City a good example:
3 million people plus uncounted illegals crowd into 75 to 100 year old apartment buildings
Many buildings are worn out, rat & roach infested with high crime rates, vandalism and cases of spouse & child abuse
Yet despite the problems there is a sense of community that may be lost if the neighborhood is torn down

22. Deglomeration-as globalization and improved communication and transportation have developed-many businesses leave the high costs of downtown since it is no longer an advantage to cluster with other similar businesses-the results are rustbelt cities with urban decay, loss of tax revenue and abandoned property
Abandoned steel mill in Pennsylvania

23. Making Cities in the Global Core
Gentrification – individuals buy up and rehabilitate houses, raising the housing value in the neighborhood and changing the neighborhood.
Commercialization – city governments transform a central city to attract residents and tourists. The newly commercialized downtowns often are a stark contrast to the rest of the central city.

24. Gentrification or Revitalization
The rehabilitation of deteriorated, sometimes abandoned inner city housing and industrial buildings.
Inner city gentrification attracts childless urbanites and singles who desire the cultural & recreational amenities - walking distance to restaurants, museums, theaters, etc.
DINKS, SINKS and retired “Baby Boomers” are drawn back to the city by revitalization.
Urban Policy-city governments encourage redevelopment by passing laws that encourage the redevelopment of blighted inner city areas-tax incentives and rezoning and the condemning of blighted regions.
Commercialization of Downtown-waterfront themes- Miami, NYC, Baltimore, Themed structures-Renaissance Center in Gary, Ind., Detroit, Mich. Chicago’s Navy Pier
DINK=double income and no children
SINK=single income and no children
Baby Boomers those born between 1946 & 1964 in the Post World War II baby boom are now nearing retirement and many choose to move back to the city from the suburbs

25. Gentrification or Revitalization
Economic policy-tax incentives (TIFS) encourage the redevelopment of inner cities where land is cheaper than the expensive suburbs.
Sense of place-many “baby boomers” as well as “Yuppies” are drawn to the historic landmarks and amenities of the city such as markets, museums and galleries ( e.g. Millennium Park, Navy Pier etc.
Government tax breaks for businesses willing to relocate to the inner city-or local or state funding to redevelop central city residential or commercial areas. Cities often condemn run down areas-forcing the people out so that redevelopment can take place
Many retired baby boomers and young urban professionals see no need to live in the expensive suburbs-preferring instead to move back into the city to be near
Chicago’s Navy Pier built in 1916 became a run down blighted area-refurbished in the early 1990s
Chicago’s Navy Pier

26. Uptown neighborhood in Chicago-abandoned
Urban decay in
Washington, D.C.
Uptown neighborhood in Chicago-abandoned
apartment buildings; an area that is primed for gentrification
Urban Decay, Wash. DC
Uptown neighborhood in Chicago-abandoned building-area primed for gentrification

27. Left-Marina Towers (the “Corncobs”) in Chicago-built in became condos-60 story apartments, offices, restaurants, etc. with 18 stories of parking
Top middle-homeless in Wash. DC in front of the White House
Top right-Navy Pier revitalized in the 1990s
Bottom Robert Taylor Homes-largest public housing complex in world with 28 buildings of 16 stories and 4,400 apartments-became high rise ghettos-a big failure-now being torn down as of of the 28 have been demolished-new low rise and mixed use developments are taking their place
Gentrification can create problems-homeless and low income people are displaced by buildings that they can not afford-loss of the sense of place

28. Tear-downs – houses that new owners buy with the intention of tearing it down to build a much larger home. McMansions – large homes, often built to the outer limits of the lot. They are called McMansions because of their super size and their similar look.
Hinsdale, Illinois (25% of houses have been torn down in last 20 years).

29. McMansions in the H-F District
A teardown in Flossmoor finished in 2007

30. Urban Sprawl
Unrestricted growth of housing, commercial developments, and roads over large expanses of land, with little concern for urban planning.
Henderson, Nevada