1. Expressions

2. Topics
Arithmetic expressions
Conversions
Operator precedence

3. Objectives
At the completion of this topic, students should be able to:
Correctly use all arithmetic operators in a Java program
Correctly write arithmetic expressions in a Java program
and be able to explain how expressions are evaluated
Explain how and when data type conversions are done in Java
Correctly use type casting in a Java program
Understand how operator precedence affects the evaluation
of an expression in a Java program, and know the precedence
of arithmetic operators in Java
Correctly use objects of the String class in a program

4. Arithmetic Expressions
An expression is a combination one or more operands and
operators that define some operation on data to be
performed by the computer.
sum = numOne + numTwo;
area = PI * radius * radius;
we usually put a space on either side of the
operator to make the expression more readable.

5. Arithmetic Operators operator meaning example + plus c = a + b;
- minus c = a – b;
* times c = a * b;
/ divide by c = a / b;

6. Integer Division int varOne = 5; int varTwo = 7;
double result = varTwo / varOne;
the value of results will be 1.0. Why?
When doing integer division, the result
will always be an integer. Any fractional
part is truncated, even when it is stored
in a real variable.

7. Dividing By Zero From your math classes you will remember that
any number divided by zero is infinity. Computers
can’t divide by zero, because there is no way to
represent infinity in binary.
When doing integer division, if the divisor is zero,
your program will throw an exception.

8. Remainder Operator The remainder operator is the % symbol
We most often use it with integers
It I sometimes called the modulus operator
int a = 5;
int b = 3;
int c = a % b;
the result is 2 … 5 divided by 3 leaves a remainder of 2.
The sign of the result is the same as the sign of the numerator,

9. An example of using integer division and the remainder operator
I have 57 quarters. I want to divide them equally
among my four children. When I am done, how many
will each child have and how many will be left over?
int numQuarters = 57;
int numChildren = 4;
int eachChild = numQuarters / numChildren;
int leftOver = numQuarters % numChildren;
57 / 4 = 14
57 % 4 = 1

10. An example of using integer division and the remainder operator
I have 1267 pennies. How much
is that in Dollars and cents?
int pennies = 1267;
int pPerD = 100;
int dollars = pennies / pPerD;
int cents = pennies % pPerD;
1267 / 100 = 12
1267 % 100 = 67

11. Arithmetic Assignment
Instead of writing
total = total + 3;
we can use the arithmetic assignment operator
total += 3;
total -= 3; total = total -3;
total *= 3; total = total * 3;
total /= 3; total = total / 3;
total %= 3; total = total % 3;
the expression is the same as

12. Increment Operator Adding one to a variable is done so often in
programs that a shortcut method has been
provided in Java to write it.
Instead of writing
total = total + 1;
we can write
total++;

13. pre- and post-increment
Using the increment operator is complicated by the
fact that you can do a pre-increment or a post-increment.
total++ post-increment
++total pre-increment
What’s the difference? This is best illustrated by example.

14. Consider the following statements: int height = 5; int length = 4;
int total = height * length++;
total
height
length 20 5 4 5
The increment is done after the multiplication.

15. Consider the following statements: int height = 5; int length = 4;
int total = height * ++length;
total
height
length 25 5 4 5
The increment is done before the multiplication.

16. So, given that a = 4, b = 6, and c = 0, what are the
values of a, b, and c after executing the following:
c = ++a + b++;
a = 5, b = 7, c = 11 (5 + 6)

17. Decrement Operator Instead of writing total = total – 1; we can write
There is a pre and a post-decrement.

18. Mixed Data Types area = width * height; double int short
an operator, like * has two operands.
It is called a binary operator.
the operands may not be of the same type.
If they are not, Java tries to make sense of
the operation by converting one operand so
that it matches the other. It will always convert
to a ‘higher’ data type if required.
double
int
short

19. Example = * * int count = 7; double avgWeight = 155.5;
double totalWeight = count * avgWeight;
totalWeight
avgWeight
count =
1088.5
155.5 * 7
avgWeight
155.5 *
7.0
temporary double variable
1088.5
temporary double variable

20. Data Conversion Remember that all data in Java is typed
Sometimes it is necessary to change data from one
data type to another.
There are two types of conversions:
Widening Conversions
the new type provides an equal or greater amount of
storage. For example, converting an int to an double.
Narrowing Conversions
the new type uses less storage or loses information.
For example, converting a double to an int.

21. Widening Conversions
For the numerica data types we will use in this class,
the only widening conversion to worry about is
from int to double

22. Narrowing Conversions
For the data types we will use in this class,
the only narrowing conversion to worry about is
from double to int
In general a narrowing conversion loses information

23. Conversions Occur When a value of one type is assigned to a variable
of a different type.
When a value must be promoted to a different type
in order for an operation to work correctly.
When the programmer explicitly casts a value to
a different type.

24. Assignment Conversion
Assignment conversions only work
if the conversion is a widening conversion!
int dollars = 42;
float money;
money = dollars;
float money = 42.50;
int dollars;
dollars = money;
compiler error

25. Arithmetic Promotion double sum = 25.50; int count = 5;
result = sum / count;
In order for the computer to do this division,
both numerator and denominator must be
real numbers. So, count is first promoted to
a double, then the division is performed.

26. Try This One int sum = 24; int count = 5; double base = 2.5;
double result = (sum / count) + base;
In this case note that the division takes place first.
It is integer division, so the result of the division is 4
The we add The value of 4 is promoted to a double.
The result is 6.5

27. Type Casting Casting is used to explicitly convert from one
data type to another. Casts can do both widening
and narrowing conversions.
int dollars;
double money = 35.50;
dollars = (int) money;
the data type in parentheses tells the computer
what data type money is to be converted to.
In this case, the value of will be converted
to an integer. This results in the .50 being truncated.
The resulting integer is then assigned to dollars.

28. Operator Precedence What is the result of the expression
It depends upon whether we do the addition
first or the division first!
14 + ( 8 / 2 ) = = 18
( ) / 2 = 22 / 2 = 11

29. In Java multiplication, division, and the remainder
operator have the same precedence.
Addition and subtraction have the same precedence.
Multiplication, division and remainder are always done
before addition and subtraction.
If two operators have the same precedence they are
evaluated left to right.
You can change the order of evaluation by using
parentheses.