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Plant Reproduction
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Angiosperms (flowering plants)
Plants that protect their seeds within the body of a fruit. Make up ¾’s of all plants, including: Trees, shrubs, herbs, grasses, water plants…
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Structure of a Flower
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Male Reproductive Structure
The stamen consists of two parts: Anther and Filament The anther is where meiosis occurs to produce haploid pollen The filament is a stalk that supports the anther
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Female Reproductive Structure
The pistil consists of the stigma, style and ovary The sticky stigma receives the pollen from the anther The pollen grows a tube down through the style Meiosis occurs in the ovary to produce haploid ovules
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Reproductive Structures
Petals: colourful structures that attract pollinators. Sepals: surround and protect the flower bud.
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Pollination Wind, insects or other animals transfer pollen from the anther of one flower to the stigma of another Flowers vary depending on pollination mechanism
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Pollination Vectors Wind Pollination: Dull, scentless
flowers with reduced petals Bees/Butterfly Pollination: Bright color, nectaries, scent. They sip nectar, get pollen on coats, transfer pollen from flower to flower Bird Pollination: Nectaries, bright colors, tube-like flowers Moth Pollination: White petals, open at night Fly Pollination:Rank odor, flesh colored petals
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Pollen Grain Anther Sac
Pollen grains contain two haploid cells produced through meiosis. 1- The Tube cell – will grow the pollen tube. 2- The Generative cell – will go through mitosis to create two sperm cells.
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Ovary Each ovule within an ovary has a micropyle (an opening for the pollen tube). The ovules’ megasporangium undergo meiosis to produce four haploid cells (3 die leaving 1 megaspore) The megaspore undergoes mitosis 3 times to produce 8 haploid cells within the embryo sac.
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Seed and Fruit Development
After fertilization, the petals and sepals fall off flower Ovary “ripens” into a fruit The ovule develops into a seed
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Seed Dispersal Mechanisms- Allow plants to colonize new areas and avoid shade of parent plant
Wind Dispersal - Flight mechanisms, like parachutes, wings, etc. Ex. Dandelion, maples, birch Animal Dispersal - Fleshy fruits which animals eat, drop undigested seeds in feces or burrs which stick to animals’ coats
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Gravity Dispersal - Heavy nuts fall to ground and roll
ex. acorns Water Dispersal - Plants near water create floating fruits ex. coconuts
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