1. INTRODUCTION TO CELLS, TISSUES, AND MICROSCOPY Part 2
VIBS 289
Larry Johnson
INTRODUCTION TO CELLS, TISSUES, AND MICROSCOPY Part 2

2. OBJECTIVES 1. PREVIEW CELLULAR ULTRASTRUCTURE
2. PREVIEW CELLS, TISSUES, AND ORGANS
3. OVERVIEW OF LIGHT AND ELECTRON MICROSCOPY
PREPARATION OF SPECIMENS - TYPES OF VISIONS
ULTRASTRUCTURAL FEATURES OF THE CELL AND ORGANELLES

3. Introduction to HISTOLOGY
PROTOPLASM – Living Substance
CELL – Smallest unit of protoplasm
Simplest animals consist of a single cell.
CELL
TISSUE – Groups of cells with same general function and texture (texture = tissue)
e.g., muscle, nerve
TISSUE
ORGAN – Two or more types of tissues; larger functional unit
e.g., skin, kidney, intestine, blood vessels
ORGAN
ORGAN SYSTEM - Several organs
e.g., respiratory, digestive, reproductive systems
SYSTEM

4. tissue
organ
cell
organ system

5. FOUR BASIC TYPES OF TISSUES IN THE BODY -----------------------------------------------
EPITHELIUM CONNECTIVE TISSUE
MUSCULAR TISSUE NERVOUS TISSUE

6. Epithelium FUNCTIONS:
COVER ORGANS, LINE VISCERA AND BLOOD VESSELS, SECRETORY CELLS OF GLANDS

7. CONNECTIVE TISSUE
FUNCTION: THE HISTOLOGICAL GLUE WHICH BINDS THE OTHER TISSUES TOGETHER TO FORM ORGANS, SPECIALIZATIONS INCLUDE BLOOD, CARTILAGE, AND BONE.

8. BLOOD CELLS (CLASSIFIED AS CONNECTIVE TISSUE)
RED CELLS carry oxygen and carbon dioxide biconcave disks
WHITE CELLS defense against invaders granules and lobed or indented nuclei
PLATELETS blood clotting anucleate

10. Fat
Muscle
Gunther von Hagens’
Body Worlds

11. MUSCLE
FUNCTION: GENERATION OF CONTRACTILE FORCE

12. Smooth muscle
NERVOUS
TISSUE
Gunther von Hagens’
Body Worlds

13. NERVOUS TISSUE
FUNCTIONS: SPECIALIZED FOR THE TRANSMISSION, RECEPTION, AND INTEGRATION OF ELECTRICAL
IMPULSES

14. Gunther von Hagens’
Body Worlds

15. Where are these basic tissues located?
EPITHELIUM
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
MUSCULAR TISSUE
NERVOUS TISSUE
Epithelium

16. Where are these basic tissues located?
EPITHELIUM
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
MUSCULAR TISSUE
NERVOUS TISSUE
Connective tissue

17. Where are these basic tissues located?
EPITHELIUM
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
MUSCULAR TISSUE
NERVOUS TISSUE
Muscular tissue

18. Where are these basic tissues located?
EPITHELIUM
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
MUSCULAR TISSUE
NERVOUS TISSUE
NERVOUS
TISSUE

19. Let’s enjoy some images
192 Eye
242 Esophagus and trachea, monkey
220 Fetal finger

20. LYMPHOID TISSUE
FUNCTIONS: RESPONSIBLE FOR THE “IMMUNE RESPONSE” TO FOREIGN INVADERS WHICH IS MEDIATED BY EITHER ANTIBODY PRODUCED BY THE CELLS OR BY THE CELLS THEMSELVES

21. BLOOD VESSELS not one of the four tissues
HISTOLOGICAL IDENTIFICATION:
All vessels are lined with endothelium
ARTERY – THICK WALL COMPOSED OF SMOOTH MUSCLE PLUS SOME CONNECTIVE TISSUE CAPILLARY – NARROW TUBE LINED WITH A SINGLE ENDOTHELIAL CELL
VEIN – LARGE LUMEN RELATIVE TO THICKNESS OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE AND SMOOTH MUSCLE WALL
LYMPHATIC – SMALL THIN WALLED VESSELS WHICH CARRY LYMPH

22. 196 Human spermatic cord 126 Vein and bile duct 272 Human uterus
Vein and bile duct
272 Human uterus

24. MAGNIFICATION VS. RESOLUTION
MAGNIFICATION - INCREASE IN IMAGE SIZE
2. RESOLUTION - SMALLEST DISTANCE BETWEEN TWO POINTS THAT CAN BE SEEN (DISTINGUISHED)
CALCULATED BY
0.61 (WAVELENGTH)/NUMERICAL APERTURE
0.25 um FOR LIGHT MICROSCOPE
0.1 nm FOR ELECTRON MICROSCOPE

25. SAMPLE PREPARATION FIXATION EMBEDDING SECTIONING A. PARAFFIN
B. PLASTIC
SECTIONING
A. 0.5 um FOR LIGHT MICROSCOPY
B NM FOR ELECTRON MICROSCOPY

26. STAINING LIGHT MICROSCOPY HEMATOXYLIN AND EOSIN (H&E)
B. PERIODIC ACID/SHIFF (PAS)
C. TOLUIDINE BLUE
ELECTRON
MICROSCOPY
(TEM)
A. OSMIUM
LEAD CITRATE

27. STAINING Color provides clues Shape Size Intensity of staining
LIGHT MICROSCOPY
HEMATOXYLIN AND
EOSIN (H&E)
PERIODIC ACID/SHIFF (PAS)
C. TOLUIDINE BLUE
Color provides clues
Shape
Size
Intensity of staining

28. STAINING LIGHT MICROSCOPY HEMATOXYLIN AND EOSIN (H&E)
B. PERIODIC ACID/SHIFF (PAS)
C. TOLUIDINE BLUE
ELECTRON
MICROSCOPY
(TEM)
A. OSMIUM
LEAD CITRATE

29. Fundic stomach (H&E)
145

30. Fundic stomach, monkey (PAS)
243

31. Surface mucus cells of Fundic stomach, rabbit (toluidine blue)
244

32. differential interference contrast
Dead stained cells
BRIGHT FIELD
Live unstained cells
PHASE CONTRAST
NOMARSKI
differential interference contrast
DARK FIELD

35. OTHER LIGHT AND ELECTRON MICROSCOPE PROCEDURES
IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE
AUTORADIOGRAPHY
IN SITU HYBRIDIZATION
FREEZE FRACTURE
(MEMBRANE ANALYSIS)

37. AUTORADIOGRAPHY
self radioactive

38. Typical TEM
Carbon replica TEM

39. How Did Cells Get Its Name?
Cells in cork
walled boxes that are similar to tiny rooms, or cellula, occupied by monks = "cell.“
Cells
in a 
plant
Cell
in an animal 

40. Cell Size
Light
Microscopy
Electron
Microscopy
Cell

41. Cells Contain Organelles
Organelles in cells
are like organs
in animal/human bodies

42. Cells Contain Organelles
Cell membrane

43. Cells Contain Organelles
Marks limit of cells/environment
Cell membrane
Marks limit of cells/environment

44. Cells Contain Organelles
Archive of cell’s DNA
Nucleus
Archive of cell’s DNA

45. Cells Contain Organelles
Produces ATP (cell energy)
Mitochondria
Produces ATP (cell energy)

46. Cells Contain Organelles
Produces proteins and hormones
and detoxifies
Produces proteins and hormones
and detoxifies
Endoplasmic Reticulum

47. Cells Contain Organelles
Modifies (adds sugar to)
and packages proteins
Modifies (adds sugar to)
and packages proteins
Golgi Apparatus

48. Animal Cell Plant Cell internet source internet source
internet
source
Plant Cell
internet
source

49. controls the flow of water marks outer limit of cell
Animal Cell
Double layer of
phospholipids
controls the flow of water
marks outer limit of cell
separates cell from environment
Plant Cell

50. Involved in cell division Involved in directing protein
Animal Cell
Has a double membrane
Holds DNA
Involved in cell division
Involved in directing protein
production by ribosomes
Plant Cell

51. Animal Cell
Plant Cell
Eukaryotic Cell
eukaryotic cell
has a nucleus

52. Make energy for the cell Can be different shapes Has a double membrane
Animal Cell
Plant Cell
Make energy for the cell
Can be different shapes
Has a double membrane

53. Animal Cell
Plant Cell
Has a double
membrane

54. Intracellular digestion Release of cellular waste
Animal Cell
Membrane bound sac
Intracellular digestion
Release of cellular waste
Generally small in animal cells

55. Electron Microscope Image of a Pancreatic Cell Animal Cell
Small Vacuoles
Electron
Microscope
Image of a
Pancreatic Cell

56. Part of cytoskeleton of the cell
Animal Cell
Part of cytoskeleton of the cell
Ring of nine groups of fused microtubules
Groups of three microtubles
Involved in cell division
Plants do not have centrioles

57. Animal Cell
Centriole
Electron
Microscope
Image of a
Animal Cell

58. Contain enzymes necessary for intracellular digestion
Animal Cell
Contain enzymes necessary for intracellular digestion
In white blood cells, these lysozymes digest bacteria
Cause cell death if improperly released into cytoplasm

59. Animal Cell
Lysosome
Electron
Microscope
Image of a
Nerve

60. Animal Cell
Lysosome
Electron
Microscope
Image of a
Nerve

61. CELL COMPOSITION
THREE MAJOR CLASSES OF
CYTOPLASMIC STRUCTURE
MEMBRANOUS ORGANELLES - COMMON STRUCTURES, METABOLIC FUNCTION, CELL MEMBRANE, RER, SER, GOLGI, MITOCHONDRIA, LYSOSOMES
NON-MEMBRANOUS ORGANELLES – CYTOSKELETAL COMPONENTS, MICROTUBULES, MICROFILAMENTS, INTERMEDIATE FILAMENTS, FREE RIBOSOMES
3. INCLUSIONS - EXPENDABLES
a. NUTRIENT e.g., GLYCOGEN, LIPID
b. PIGMENT e.g., MELANIN GRANULES
c. SECRETORY GRANULE e.g., ZYMOGEN GRANULE OF PANCREAS

62. In summary

63. Castle Rock Big Bend National Park TX

64. The end of