1. Agroclimate, Crop Diversity and Adaptation
Agro-ecology
C.D. Caldwell
(Section 2 Unit 2)
Adopted by Wang ,8-9:30am

2. Learning objectives-1
After completing the lecture material and readings you should be able to:
Differentiate(区分) between the following pairs of terms:
climate and weather
GDD’s and CHU’s
slope and aspect

3. Learning objectives-2
Name and briefly describe the factors which influence climate at the farm level.
-Read and interpret agroclimatic maps.
-Use a crop zone map to select areas in which corn hybrids are adapted.

4. Learning objectives-3 Define succinctly(简洁地) the following terms:
gigantism legume (豆类)
life cycle nitrogen fixation
annual Rhizobium(根瘤菌)
winter annual kwashiorkor
perennial
biennial
夸休可尔症，恶性营养不良

5. Learning objectives-4 Please review Resource Manual pp25-38 for crops
Name 10 of the top 20 crops in the world in terms of area occupied.
-Explain how crops can be classified on the basis of the harvested organ with examples of each type.
-Name the seven principal cereal grains and briefly describe their areas of adaptation.
-Explain, with examples, the concept of protein complementarity(补充).
-Relate climate to weather and to the concept of adaptation of crops.
Please review Resource Manual pp25-38 for crops
pp39-45 for climate

6. Annual--Plant that completes its life cycle from seed in one (year) season.
Biennial--Plant that normally requires two years to reach maturity; basal leaves are produced in the first year, while floral structures develop and produce seed in the second year

7. Forage Herbaceous plants or plant parts fed to domestic animals (generally, the term refers to such material as pasturage, hay, silage, dehy, and green chop in contrast to less digestible plant material known as "roughage and/or 'browse", plants of a woody nature); to graze.

8. Green manureCrop grown and plowed under to improve the soil
Legume Plant member of the family Leguminosae, with the characteristic of forming nitrogen-fixing nodules on its roots, in this way making use of atmospheric nitrogen possible.
Perennial A Forage plant that remains viable for 3 years or more, producing culm and leaves each year from rootstocks, corm buds, rhizomes, stolons, or branches.

9. We are dependent on a small number of plants (and animals).
350,000 species of flowering plants
3000 economically important plants
12 plants and 3 types of livestock produce most of our food!!

11. Name as many of the top 20 crops in the world as you can in one minute

12. Twenty most important crops in the world
Wheat
Rice (paddy)
Maize
Barley
Pearl millet
Sorghum
Soya bean
Cotton
Oats
Field bean
White potato
Groundnut
Rye
Sweet potato
Sugar cane
Cassava
Pea
Chick pea
Grape
Oil-seed rape(油菜)
落花生
御谷, 珍珠稷
n.木薯
高粱属的植物

13. Fig 1.1 World production of principal food crops; Ranked by tonnage

14. Why do crops grow where they do?
What are the major fruits grown in the Fujian province?
What fruits do you eat that are not grown here?

15. Centres of Origin What is a “centre of origin”?
What determines whether a crop will move from its centre of origin?

16. Insert table or map
Centres of origin

17. World Precipitation (light color is low rainfall)
Insert map

18. World Temperature (Annual)

19. World Temperature (January)

20. World Temperature (July)

21. Note: Life Cycles Annuals Biennials Examples? Perennials
Reproductive organs?
Seeds; e.g., rice
Vegetative; e.g., potato

22. Annual (e.g. Tobacco)

23. Biennial (e.g. Carrot)

24. Perennial (e.g. coffee)

25. Crops may be classified by the type of harvested organ
Cereals
Seed legumes
Roots and tubers
Vegetables
Fruits

26. Why are seeds so great? Low water content Dormancy 休眠
Concentrated food 压缩食品
Stored and transported easily

29. Seed legumes Different set of amino acids They “fix” nitrogen
Different storage chemicals

30. Best seed legumes Soya beans Uses?? Field beans Groundnut Others?

32. Field beans or cow beans

33. Tubers and Roots
White potato (Irish potato)
Sweet potato
Cassava

37. Cassava

38. Vegetables and fruits What are the main ones?
What roles do they have in our diet?

41. Plants for drugs Coffee Tea Cocoa Betel nut Tobacco
What others can you name?
槟榔子

46. Medicinal Plants? According to WHO…
Medicinal Plants are in fact herbs, which are used for preparations/ formulations of traditional Medicinal Products
Broad forms
Herbal materials
Herbal preparations
Finished Herbal Products
Herbal Medicine

48. Crop value = yield x quality But what is quality?
Breeding
Large organs for harvest
Ease of harvest (no “shatter”)
Less toxicity
Higher amount of valuable substance
E.g., protein, oil, sugar, drugs, etc.

50. What for tomorrow?
Lab1-Identification of Cereal Crops